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Studies of atmospheric effects of aviation were conducted using the global inventory of McInnes and Walker (1992) and emissions data sets produced by the Dutch Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection for 1990, 2003, and 2015 (Olivier, 1995) based on the McInnes and Walker (1992) data. Other emissions estimates are predominantly made on a national level (e.g., in Austria and Sweden).
The Dutch Aviation Emissions and Evaluation of Reduction Options (AERO) Project was initiated in 1994 by the Dutch Civil Aviation Department to estimate economic and environmental impacts of possible measures to reduce aviation emissions (see Chapter 10). Within this project, the flights and emissions model (FLEM) was developed for the calculation of worldwide fuel use and emissions per grid cell (ten Have and de Witte, 1997). The base year traffic movements database is a combination of data from ANCAT/EC2, International Air Transport Association, the ABC schedule, ICAO, and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Global volumes for aircraft kilometer, fuel consumption, and emissions CO2, NOx) resulting from computations of the AERO modeling system for civil aviation for base year 1992 and forecast for 2015 (called FPC-2015 scenario) are listed in Table 9-3. Further details appear in Pulles (1998).
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Table 9-5: Emissions of CO and HC from NASA inventories. |
||||
| NASA 1976 |
NASA 1984 |
NASA 1992 |
NASA 2015 |
|
| Calculated CO Emissions (Tg) | ||||
| Scheduled |
0.41
|
0.41
|
0.50
|
1.12
|
| Charter |
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
0.05
|
| FSU/China |
0.10
|
0.12
|
0.15
|
0.26
|
| General Aviation |
0.73
|
0.75
|
0.62
|
0.60
|
| Civil Subtotal |
1.27
|
1.32
|
1.29
|
2.04
|
| Military |
0.43
|
0.35
|
0.29
|
0.23
|
| Global Total |
1.70
|
1.67
|
1.57
|
2.27
|
|
Calculated Fleet Average CO Emissions
Index (g CO kg-1
fuel burned)
|
||||
| Scheduled |
8.9
|
6.3
|
5.3
|
4.5
|
| Charter |
4.0
|
4.0
|
3.7
|
3.9
|
| FSU/China |
16.6
|
16.6
|
16.6
|
16.6
|
| General Aviation |
180.1
|
133.0
|
167.6
|
99.4
|
| Civil Subtotal |
19.7
|
15.2
|
11.3
|
7.1
|
| Military |
12.0
|
11.9
|
11.2
|
11.3
|
| Global Total |
17.0
|
14.4
|
11.3
|
7.4
|
| Calculated HC Emissions (Tg) | ||||
| Scheduled |
0.27
|
0.20
|
0.20
|
0.17
|
| Charter |
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
| FSU/China |
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.05
|
| General Aviation |
0.03
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
0.05
|
| Civil Subtotal |
0.33
|
0.28
|
0.26
|
0.28
|
| Military |
0.09
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
| Global Total |
0.42
|
0.35
|
0.32
|
0.33
|
|
Calculated Fleet Average HC Emissions
Index (g HC kg-1
fuel burned)
|
||||
| Scheduled |
5.8
|
3.2
|
2.1
|
0.7
|
| Charter |
0.9
|
0.9
|
0.5
|
0.6
|
| FSU/China |
3.2
|
3.2
|
3.2
|
3.2
|
| General Aviation |
8.2
|
8.5
|
9.9
|
8.6
|
| Civil Subtotal |
5.1
|
3.3
|
2.3
|
1.0
|
| Military |
2.5
|
2.3
|
2.4
|
2.5
|
| Global Total |
4.2
|
3.0
|
2.3
|
1.1
|
|
|
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