Aber, J.D., J.M. Melillo, K.J. Nadelhoffer,
J. Pastor, and R.D. Boone, 1991: Factors controlling nitrogen cycling and nitrogen
saturation in northern temperate forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications,
1, 303315.
Aber, J.D., S.V. Ollinger, C.A. Federer, P.B.
Reich, M.L. Goulden, D.W. Kicklighter, J.M. Melillo, and R.G. Lathrop, 1995:
Predicting the effects of climate change on water yield and forest production
in the northeastern United States. Climate Research, 5(3), 207222.
Adams, D., R. Alig, J.M. Callaway, and B.A.
McCarl, and S.M. Winnet, 1996: Forest and agricultural sector optimization
model (FASOM): model structure and policy applications. Research Paper PNW-RP-495.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland,
OR, USA, 60pp.
Adams, R.M., R.A. Fleming, C.-C. Chang, and
B.A. McCarl, 1995a: A reassessment of the economic effects of global climate
change on U.S. agriculture. Climatic Change, 30(2), 147167.
Adams, R.M., B.A. McCarl, K. Segerson, C. Rosenzweig,
K.J. Bryant, B.L. Dixon, R. Connor, R.E. Evenson, and D. Ojima, 1995b: The
economic effects of climate change on U.S. agriculture. Final report. Electric
Power Research Institute, Climate Change Impacts Program, Palo Alto, CA, 45
pp.
Adkison, M.D., R.M. Peterman, M.F. Lapointe,
D.M. Gillis, and J. Korman, 1996: Alternative models of climatic effects on
sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), productivity in Bristol Bay, Alaska,
and the Fraser River, British Columbia. Fish. Oceanogr. 5(3/4),
137152.
Agee, J.K., 1990: The historical role of fire
in Pacific Northwest forests. In: Natural and prescribed fire in Pacific
Northwest forests [Walstad, J.D., S.R. Radosevich, and D.V. Sandberg (eds.)].
Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR, pp. 2538.
Akbari, H., S. Davis, S. Dorsano, J. Huang,
and S. Winnett, 1992: Cooling our communities: a guidebook on tree planting
and light-colored surfaces. EPA 22P-2001, LBL-31587, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC, 217 pp.
Anderson, J.M., 1991: The effects of climate
change on decomposition processes in grassland and coniferous forests. Ecological
Applications, 1, 226247.
Anderson, J., S. Shiau, and D. Harvey, 1991:
Preliminary investigation of trend/patterns in surface water characteristics
and climate variations. In: Using hydrometric data to detect and monitor
climatic change [Kite, G. and K. Harvey (eds.)]. Proceedings of NHRI Workshop,
National Hydrology Research Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, pp. 189201.
Anderson, W.P., R. DiFransesco, and M. Kilman,
1994: Potential impacts of climate change on petroleum production in the Northwest
Territories. In: Mackenzie Basin Impact Study Interim Report #2 [Cohen,
S.J. (ed.)]. Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, pp. 433441.
Anisimov, O.A. and F.E. Nelson, 1996: Permafrost
distribution in the Northern Hemisphere under scenarios of climatic change.
Global and Planetary Change, 14(1), 5972.
Apps, M.J., W.A. Kurz, R.J. Luxmoore, L.O.
Nilsson, R.A. Sedjo, R. Schmidt, L.G. Simpson, and T.S. Vinson, 1993: Boreal
forests and tundra. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 70, 3953.
Ashfield, D., R. Phinney, H. Belore, and T.
Goodison, 1991: Criteria for identifying streamflow stations applicable to climate
change studies. In: Using hydrometric data to detect and monitor climatic
change [Kite, G. and K. Harvey (eds.)]. Proceedings of NHRI Workshop, National
Hydrology Research Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, pp. 165180.
Atwater, M.A., 1984: Influence of meteorology
on high ozone concen
trations. In: Air Pollution Control Association
International Specialty Conference on Evaluation of the Scientific Basis for
Ozone/Oxidants Standard. Proceedings of a conference at Houston, TX, November
2730, 1984. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 393
pp.
Auclair, A. N.D., J.T. Lill, and C. Revenga,
1996: The role of climate variability and global warming in the dieback of Northern
Hardwoods. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 91, 163186.
Bailey, R.G., 1996: Ecosystem Geography.
Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 204 pp.
Bakun, A., J. Beyer, D. Pauly, J.G. Pope and
G.D. Sharp, 1982: Ocean sciences in relation to living marine resources: a report.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39, 10591070.
Banse, K., 1995: Zooplankton: pivotal role
in the control of ocean production. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 52, 265277.
Barth, M.C., and J.G. Titus (eds.), 1984: Greenhouse
effect and sea level rise: A challenge for this generation. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co. Inc., New York, NY, USA, 325 pp.
Bazzaz, F.A., 1990: The response of natural
ecosystems to the rising global CO2
levels. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21, 167196.
Bazzaz, F.A., S.L. Bassow, G.M. Berntson, and
S.C. Thomas, 1996: Elevated CO2
and terrestrial vegetation: implications for and beyond the global carbon budget.
In: Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems [Walker, B. and W. Steffen
(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 4376.
Bazzaz, F.A. and K.D.M. McConnaughay, 1992:
Plant-plant interactions in elevated CO2
environments. Australian Journal of Botany, 40, 547563.
Beamish, R.J. and D.R. Bouillon, 1995: Marine
fish production trends off the Pacific coast of Canada and the United States.
In: Climate change and northern fish populations [Beamish, R.J. (ed).].
Can. Spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 121, 585591.
Beamish, R.J., M. Henderson, and H.A. Regier,
1997: Impacts of climate change on the fishes of British Columbia. In: Responding
to Global Climate Change in British Columbia and Yukon [Taylor, E. and B.
Taylor, (eds.)]. Volume I of the Canada Country Study: Climate Impacts
and Adaptation, Environment Canada and B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and
Parks, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 12-1 to 12-16.
Beckett, W.S., 1991: Ozone, air pollution and
respiratory health, Yale J Biol Med, 64(2), 167175.
Belnap, J., 1995: Surface disturbances: their
role in accelerating desertification. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,
37, 3957.
Beltaos, S., (ed.), 1995: River ice jams.
Water Resource Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO, 372 pp.
Belzer, D.B., M.J. Scott, and R.D. Sands, 1996:
Climate change impacts on U.S. commercial building energy consumption: An analysis
using sample survey data. Energy Sources, 18(1), 177201.
Bengtsson, L., M. Botzet, and M. Esch, 1995:
Hurricane-type vortices in a general circulation model. Tellus, 47A,
17511796.
Bengtsson, L., M. Botzet, and M. Esch, 1996:
Will greenhouse gas-induced warming over the next 50 years lead to higher frequency
and greater intensity of hurricanes? Tellus, 48A, 5773.
Benke, A.C., 1993: Concepts and patterns of
invertebrate production in running waters. Berh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.,
25, 1538.
Bennett, S., R. Brereton, I. Mansergh, S. Berwick,
K. Sandiford, and C. Wellington, 1991: Enhanced greenhouse climate change
and its potential effect on selected victorian fauna. Arthur Rylah Institute
Technical Report No. 132, Department of Conservation and Environment, Victoria,
Australia.
Bergeron, Y. and P.R. Dansereau, 1993: Predicting
the composition of Canadian southern boreal forest in different fire cycles.
Journal of Vegetation Science, 4, 827832.
Bethke, R.W. and T.D. Nudds, 1995: Effects
of climate change and land use on Duck abundance in Canadian prairie-parklands.
Ecological Applications, 5(3), 588600.
Binkley, C.S. and G.C. Van Kooten, 1994: Integrating
climate change and forests: economic and ecologic assessments. Climatic Change,
281(1-2), 91110.
Black, W.R., 1990: Global warming impacts on
the transportation infrastructure. TR News, 150, 234.
Boer, G.J., N. McFarlane, and M. Lazare, 1992:
Greenhouse gas-induced climate change simulated with the CCC second-generation
general circulation model. Journal of Climatology, 5, 10451077.
Bonan, G.B., F.S. Chapin, and S.L. Thompson,
1995: Boreal forest and tundra ecosystems as components of the climate system.
Climatic Change, 29(2), 145168.
Botkin, D.A., R.A. Nisbet, and T.E. Reynales,
1989: Effects of climate change on forests of the Great Lake states. In: The
potential effects of global climate change on the United States: Appendix D
-- Forests [Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.)]. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 2-1 to 2-31.
Bowen, S.G. and B.D. Francy, 1980: Surveillance.
In: St. Louis Encephalitis [Monath, T.P. (ed.)]. American Public Health
Association, Washington DC, 680 pp.
Boyd, H., 1987: Do June breeding temperatures
affect the breeding success of Dark-bellied Brent Geese? Bird Study,
34, 155159.
Brander, K.M., 1994: Patterns of distribution,
spawning, and growth in North Atlantic cod: the utility of inter-regional comparisons.
ICES marine science symposium, 198, 406413.
Brander, K.M., 1995: The effects of temperature
on growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). ICES Journal of Marine
Science, 52, 110.
Branson, F.A., 1985: Vegetation changes
on western rangelands. Range Monograph No. 2. Society for Range Management,
Denver, CO, USA, 76 pp.
Branson, F.A., G.F. Gifford, K.G. Renard, and
R.F. Hadley, 1981: Rangeland hydrology. Society for Range Management,
Denver, CO, USA, 340 pp.
British Columbia Center for Disease Control,
1995: written communication.
Brklacich, M., P. Curran, and D. Brunt, 1996:
The application of agricultural land rating and crop models to CO2
and climatic change issues in northern regions: the Mackenzie Basin case study.
Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, 5, 351365.
Brklacich, M., P. Curran, D. Brunt, and D.
McNabb, 1997a: CO2-induced
climatic change and agricultural potential in the Mackenzie Basin. In: Mackenzie
Basin Impact Study Final Report [Cohen, S.J. (ed.)]. Atmospheric Environment
Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, pp. 242246.
Brklacich, M., D. McNabb, C. Bryant, and J.
Dumanski, 1997b: Adaptability of agricultural systems to global climatic change:
a Renfrew county, Ontario, Canada pilot study. In: Agricultural restructuring
and sustainability: a geographic perspective [Ilbery, B., T. Rickard, T.,
and Q. Chiotti (eds.)]. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International, Wallingford,
UK, pp. 185200.
Brodeur, R.D. and D. Ware, 1995: Interdecadal
variability in distribution and catch rates of epipelagic nekton in the Northwest
Pacific Ocean. In: Climate change and northern fish populations [Beamish,
R.J. (ed.)]. Can. Spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 121, 329356.
Brooks, D.J., 1993: U.S. forests in a global
context. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-228. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research
Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 124.
Brown, H.M., 1989: Planning for climate
change in the Arctic--the impact on energy resource development. Symposium
on the Arctic and Global Change, Climate Institute, 25-27 October 1988, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada, pp. 9697.
Brown, R.G.B., 1991: Marine birds and climatic
warming in the northwest Atlantic. Canadian Wildlife Service Special Publication
No. 68, pp. 4954.
Brown, R., M. Huges, and D. Robinson, 1994:
Characterizing the long term variability of snow cover extent over the interior
of North America. Annals of Glaciology, 21, 4550.
Bruce-Chwatt, L., 1988: History of Malaria
From Prehistory to Eradication. In: Malaria: principles and practices of
malariology [Wernsdofer, W. (ed.)]. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom, pp. 913999.
Brugman, M.M., P. Raistrick, and A. Pietroniro,
1997: Glacier related impacts of doubling atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
on British Columbia and Yukon. In: Responding to global climate change in
British Columbia and Yukon [Taylor, E. and B. Taylor (eds.)]. Volume I,
Canada Country Study: Climate Impacts and Adaptation. British Columbia Ministry
of Environment, Lands and Parks and Environment Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia,
pp. 6-1 to 6-9.
Bruun, P., 1962: Sea level rise as a cause
of shore erosion. J. of Waterways and Harbors Division (ASCE), 88,
116130.
Bugmann, H.K.M., X. Yan, M.T. Sykes, P. Martin,
M. Lindner, P.V. Desanker, and S.G. Cumming, 1996: A comparison of forest gap
models: model structure and behaviour. Climatic Change, 34(2),
289313.
Burgner, R.L., 1991: Life history of Sockeye
salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In: Pacific Salmon Life Histories
[Groot, C. and L. Margolis (eds.)]. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver,
BC, pp. 1117.
Burn, D., 1994: Hydrologic effects of climate
change in west-central Canada. Journal of Hydrology, 160, 5370.
Burton, P.J. and S.G. Cumming, 1995: Potential
effects of climatic change on some western Canadian forests, based on pheological
enhancements to a patch model of forest succession. Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution, 82, 401414.
Caine, T.N., 1980: The rainfall intensity duration
control of shallow landslides and debris flows. Geografiska Annaler A,
62A, 2335.
Callaway, M., J. Smith, and S. Keefe, 1995:
The economic effects of climate change for U.S. forests. Final Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Adaptation Branch, Climate Change Division,
Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, Washington, DC, USA, 103 pp.
Canadian Forest Service, 1996: Selected
forestry statistics: Canada, 1995. Inf. Rep. E-X-48, Natural Resources Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 184 pp.
Canadian Global Change Program, 1995: Implications
of global change for human health: Final report of the health issues panel of
the Canadian Global Change Program. The Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada, 30 pp.
Canadian Public Health Association, 1992: Human
and ecosystem health: Canadian perspectives, Canadian action. Canadian Public
Health Association, Ottawa, Ontario, 21 pp.
Carnell, R.E., C.A. Senior, and J.F.B. Mitchell,
1996: Simulated changes in Northern Hemisphere winter storminess due to increasing
CO2. Climate
Dynamics, 12(7), 467476.
CAST, 1992: Preparing U.S. agriculture for
global change. Task Force Report No. 119, Council for Agricultural Science
and Technology, Ames, IA, USA, 96 pp.
CDC, 1989: Heat-related deaths -- Missouri,
19791989, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 38, 437439.
CDC, 1995: Heat-related illnesses and deaths
-- United States, 19941995, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
44(25), 465468.
Chandler, A.C., 1945: Factors influencing the
uneven distribution of Aedes aegypti in Texas cities. American Journal
of Tropical Medicine, 25, 145149.
Changnon, S.A., 1993: Changes in climate and
levels of Lake Michigan: shoreline impacts at Chicago. Climatic Change, 23(3),
213230.
Changnon, S.A., 1996: Defining the flood: a
chronology of key events. In: The Great Flood of 1993: causes, impacts and
responses [Changnon, S.A. (ed.)]. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, pp.
328.
Chen, D, S.E. Zebiak, A. Busalacchi, and M.A.
Cane, 1995: An improved procedure for El Niño forecasting: implications
for predictability. Science, 269, 16991702.
Child, R.D. and G.W. Frasier, 1992: ARS range
research. Rangelands, 14, 1732.
Clague, J.J., 1989: Sea levels on Canada's
Pacific coast: past and future trends. Episodes, 12, 2933.
Climate Change Impacts Review Group, 1991:
The potential effects of climate change in the United Kingdom. First
Report, HMSO, London, UK, 124 pp.
Cohen, S.J., 1991: Possible impacts of climatic
warming scenarios on water resources in the Saskatchewan River sub-basin, Canada.
Climatic Change, 19(3), 291317.
Cohen, S.J. (ed.), 1997a: Mackenzie Basin
Impact Study Final Report. Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada,
372 pp.
Cohen, S.J., 1997b: Scientist-Stakeholder collaboration
in integrated assessment of climate change: lessons from a case study of northwest
Canada. Environmental Modelling and Assessment (submitted).
Cohen, S.J., L.E. Welsh, and P.Y.T. Louie,
1989: Possible impacts of climate warming scenarios on water resources in
the Saskatchewan River sub-basin. CCC Report No. 89-9, Atmospheric Environment
Service, National Hydrology Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 87 pp.
Cohen, S.J., E.E. Wheaton, and J. Masterton,
1992: Impacts of Climatic Change Scenarios in the Prairie Provinces: A Case
Study from Canada. SRC Publication No. E-2900-4-D-92, Saskatchewan Research
Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 157 pp.
Colwell, R.R., 1996: Global Climate and Infectious
Disease: The Cholera Paradigm. Science, 274, 20252031.
Cooley, K.R., 1990: Effects of CO2-induced
climatic changes on snowpack and streamflow. Hydrol. Sci., 35,
511522.
Coutant, C.C., 1977: Compilation of temperature
preference data. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34,
739745.
Coutant, C.C., 1990: Temperature-oxygen habitat
for freshwater and coastal striped bass in a changing climate. Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society, 119, 240253.
Croley II, T.E., 1990: Laurentian Great Lakes
double-CO2 climate
change hydrological impacts. Climatic Change, 17(1), 2747.
Croley II, T.E., 1992: CCC GCM 2xCO2
hydrological impacts on the Great Lakes. In: Climate, Climate Change, water
level forecasting and frequency analysis, Supporting Documents, Volume 1. Water
supply scenarios. Task Group 2, Working Committee 3, International Joint
Commission Levels Reference Study, Phase II, Washington DC, USA, 33 pp.
Cubasch, U., G. Meehl, and Z.C. Zhao, 1994:
IPCC WG I Initiative on Evaluation of Regional Climate Change. Summary
Report, 12 pp.
Cubasch, U., J. Waszkewitz, G. Hegerl, and
J. Perlwitz, 1995: Regional climate changes as simulated in time-slice experiments.
Climatic Change, 31(24), 273304.
Cumming, S.G. and P.J. Burton, 1996: Phenology-mediated
effects of climatic change on some simulated British Columbia forests. Climatic
Change, 34(2), 213222.
Curtis, P.S., 1996: A meta-analysis of leaf
gas exchange and nitrogen in trees grown under elevated carbon dioxide. Plant,
Cell and Environment, 19, 127137.
Curtis, P.S., B.G. Drake, P.W. Leadley, W.J.
Arp, and D.F. Whigham, 1989: Growth and senescence in plant communities exposed
to elevated CO2
concentrations on a estuarine marsh. Oecologia, 78, 2026.
Curtis, P.S., C.S. Vogel, K.S. Pregitzer, D.R.
Zak, and J.A. Teeri, 1995: Interacting effects of soil fertility and atmospheric
CO2 on leaf area
growth and carbon gain physiology in Populus X euramericana (Dode)
Guinier. New Phytologist, 129, 253263.
Cushing, D.H., 1982: Climate and fisheries.
Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, 373 pp.
Cushing, D.H. and R.R. Dickson, 1976: The biological
response in the sea to climatic changes. Advances in Marine Biology,
14, 1122.
Daniels, R.C., V.M. Gornitz, A.J. Mehta, S.C.
Lee, and R.M. Cushman, 1992: Adapting to sea-level rise in the U.S. southeast:
the influence of built infrastructure and biophysical factors on the inunda
tion of coastal areas. ORNL/CDIAC-54, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 268 pp.
Darmstadter, J., 1993: Climate change impacts
on the energy sector and possible adjustments in the MINK region. Climatic
Change, 24(12), 117131.
Darwin, R., 1997. World agriculture and climate
change: current questions. World Resource Review, 9, 1731.
Darwin, R., M. Tsigas, J. Lewandrowski, and
A. Raneses, 1995: World Agriculture and Climate Change: Economic Adaptations.
Economic Research Service, USDA, AER-703, Washington, DC.
Davis, M.B., 1986: Climatic instability, time
lags, and community disequilibrium. In: Community Ecology [Diamond, J.
and T.J. Case (eds.)]. Harper and Row, New York, NY, USA, pp. 269284.
DeStasio, Jr., B.T., D.K. Hill, J.M.
Kleinhans, N.P. Nibbelink, and J.J. Magnuson, 1996: Potential effects of global
climate change on small north-temperate lakes: physics, fish, and plankton.
Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 11361149.
Díaz, S., J.P. Grime, J. Harris, and
E. McPherson, 1993: Evidence of a feedback mechanism limiting plant response
to elevated carbon dioxide. Nature, 364, 616617.
Dobson, A., A. Jolly, and D. Rubenstein, 1989:
The greenhouse effect and biological diversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
4, 6468.
Dockery, D.W., C. Pope, X. Xu, J.D. Spengler,
J.H. Ware, M.E. Fay, B.G. Ferris, and F.E. Speizer, 1993: An association between
air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. New England Journal of Medicine,
329, 17531759.
DOE/IEA, 1995: Buildings and Energy in the
1980s. Energy Information Administration, DOE/EIS-0555, 95(1), June.
Dracup, J.A., and E. Kahya, 1994: The relationships
between U.S. streamflow and La Niña events. Water Resources Research,
30, 21332141.
Dracup, J.A., S.D. Pelmulder, R. Howitt, J.
Horner, W.M. Hanemann, C.F. Dumas., R. McCann, J. Loomis, and S. Ise, 1992:
The economic effects of drought impacts on California resources: implications
for California in a warmer world. National Institute for Global Climate
Change, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 112 pp.
Drinkwater, K.F. and R.A. Myers, 1987: Testing
predictions of marine fish and shellfish landings from environmental variables.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44, 15681573.
Duncan, K., 1996: Anthropogenic greenhouse
gas-induced warming: suitability of temperatures for the development of vivax
and falciparum malaria in the Toronto Region of Ontario. In: Great
Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin Project Progress Report #1: Adapting to the Impacts
of Climate Change and Variability [Mortsch, L.D. and B.N. Mills (eds.)].
Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, pp. 112118.
Eamus, D., 1991: The interaction of rising
CO2 and temperatures
with water use efficiency. Plant, Cell and Environment, 14, 843852.
Eamus, D., 1996a: Responses of field grown
trees to CO2 enrichment.
Commonwealth Forestry Review, 75, 3947.
Eamus, D., 1996b: Tree responses to CO2
enrichment: CO2
and temperature interactions, biomass allocation and stand-scale modeling. Tree
Physiology, 16, 4347.
Eaton, J.G., and R.M. Scheller, 1996: Effects
of climate warming on fish thermal habitat in streams of the United States.
Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 11091115.
Ecological Stratification Working Group, 1995:
A National Ecological Framework for Canada. Minister of Supply and Services
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 125 pp.
Eilers, J.M., D.F. Brakke, and D.H. Landers,
1988: Chemical and physical characteristics of lakes in the Upper Midwest, United
States. Environmental Science and Technology, 22, 164172.
Elliott, K.J. and W.T. Swank, 1994: Impacts
of drought on tree mortality and growth in a mixed hardwood forest. Journal
of Vegetation Science, 5, 229236.
Ellis, F.P., 1972: Mortality from heat illness
and heat-aggravated illness in the United States. Environmental Research,
5, 158.
Emanuel, W.R., H.H. Shugart, and M.P. Stevenson,
1985: Climate change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem
complexes. Climatic Change, 7(1), 2941.
Emberlin, J., 1994: The effects of patterns
in climate and pollen abundance on allergy. Allergy, 49, 1520.
Energy Economist, 1988: It is not just farmers
who suffer from drought. Financial Times Business Information, July 47.
Environment Canada, 1986: Wetlands in Canada:
a valuable resource. Lands Directorate Fact Sheet 86-4. Environment Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 8 pp.
Environment Canada, 1988: Wetlands of Canada.
Ecological Land Classification Series #24. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 452 pp.
Environment Canada, 1995: The state of Canada's
climate: monitoring variability and change. State of Environment Rep. No.
95-1. Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 52 pp.
Environment Canada, Smith and Lavender Environmental
Consultants, and Sustainable Futures, 1995: Climate Change Impacts: an Ontario
Perspective [Mortsch, L. (ed.)]. Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario,
Canada, 76 pp.
Evans, S.G. and J.J. Clague, 1997: The impact
of climate change on catastrophic geomorphic processes in the mountains of British
Columbia, Yukon and Alberta. In: Responding to Global Climate Change in British
Columbia and Yukon [Taylor, E. and B. Taylor (eds.)]. Volume I of the Canada
Country Study: Climate Impacts and Adaptation, Environment Canada and B.C. Ministry
of Environment, Lands and Parks, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 7-1 to 7-16.
Everts, C.H., 1985: Effect of sea level rise
and net sand volume change on shoreline position at Ocean City, MD. In: Potential
impact of sea level rise on the beach at Ocean City, Maryland [Titus, J.G.
(ed.)]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 176 pp.
Eybergen, J. and F. Imeson, 1989: Geomorphological
processes and climate change. Catena, 16, 307319.
Fajer, E.D., M.D. Bowers, and F.A. Bazzaz,
1989: The effects of enriched carbon dioxide atmospheres on plant-insect herbivore
interactions. Science, 243, 11981200.
FEMA, 1991: Projected impact of relative
sea level rise on the National Flood Insurance Program. Report to Congress.
Federal Insurance Administration, Washington, DC, 172 pp.
Fischlin, A., H. Bugmann, and D. Gyalistras,
1995: Sensitivity of a forest ecosystem model to climate parametrization schemes.
Environmental Pollution, 87, 267282.
Flannigan, M.D. and C.E. Van Wagner, 1991:
Climate change and wildfire in Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,
21, 6672.
Fleming, A.M., 1960: Age, growth and sexual
maturity of cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Newfoundland area, 1947-1950,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 17, 775809.
Fleming, R.A. and W.J.A. Volney, 1995: Effects
of climate change on insect defoliator population processes in Canada's boreal
forest: some plausible scenarios. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 82,
445454.
Focks, D.A., E. Daniels, D.G. Haile, and J.E.
Keesling, 1995: A simulation model of the epidemiology of urban dengue fever:
literature analysis, model development, preliminary validation, and samples
of simulation results. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,
53, 489506.
Forestry Canada, 1991: Selected Forestry
Statistics, Canada, 1991. Information Report E-X-46, Forestry Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada.
Fosberg, M.A., 1990: Global change -- a challenge
to modeling. In: Process modeling of forest growth responses to environmental
stress [Dixon, R.K., R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark, and W.G. Warren (eds.)].
Timber Press, Inc., Portland, OR, USA, pp. 38.
Fosberg, M.A., B.J. Stocks, and T.J. Lynham,
1996: Risk analysis in strategic planning: fire and climate change in the boreal
forest. In: Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia [Goldammer, J.G. and
V.V. Furyaev (eds.)]. Kluwer Academic Publishers N.V., Dordrecht, Netherlands,
pp. 495504.
Foster, D.R., J.D. Aber, J.M. Melillo, R.D.
Bowden, and F.A. Bazzaz, 1997: Forest response to disturbance and anthropogenic
stress. BioScience, 47, 437445.
Frank, K.T., R.I. Perry, and K.F. Drinkwater,
1990: Predicted response of Northwest Atlantic invertebrate and fish stocks
to CO2-induced climate
change. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 119, 353365.
Franklin, J.F., F.J. Swanson, M.E. Harmon,
D.A. Perry, T.A. Spies, V.H. Dale, A. McKee, W.K. Ferrell, J.E. Means, S.V.
Gregory, J.D. Lattin, T.D. Schowalter, and D. Larsen, 1991: Effects of global
climatic change on forests in northwestern North America. The Northwest Environmental
Journal, 7, 233254.
Frayer, W.E., T.J. Monahan, D.C. Bowden, and
F.A. Graybill, 1983: Status and trends of wetlands and deepwater habitat
in the coterminous United States, 1950s to 1970s. Department of Forest and
Wood Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 32 pp.
Fredeen, A.L., G.W. Koch, and C.B. Field, 1995:
Effects of atmospheric CO2
enrichment on ecosystem CO2
exchange in a nutrient and water limited grassland. Journal of Biogeography,
22, 215219.
Frederick, K.D., 1991: Water resources.
Report IV of Influences of and Responses to Increasing Atmospheric CO2
and Climate Change: The MINK Project. U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA, 153 pp.
Frederick, K.D., and P.H. Gleick, 1989: Water
resources and climate change. In: Greenhouse Warming: Abatement and Adaptation
[Rosenberg, N.J., W.E. Easterling III, P.R. Crosson, and J. Darmstadter
(eds.)]. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 133143.
Freier, J., 1993: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis.
Lancet, 342, 12811282.
Gagliano, S.M., K.J. Meyer-Arendt, and K.M.
Wicker, 1981. Land loss in the Mississippi River deltaic plain, Transactions
of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 31, 295300.
Gibbs, M., 1984: Economic analysis of sea level
rise: Methods and results. In: Greenhouse effect and sea level rise: a challenge
for this generation [Barth, M.C. and J.G. Titus (eds.)]. Van Nostrand Reinhold
Co. Inc., New York, NY, USA, pp. 215251.
Glass, G.E., F.P. Amerasinge, J.M. Morgan III,
and T.W. Scott, 1994: Predicting Ixodes scapularis abundance on white-tailed
deer using Geographic Information Systems. American Journal of Tropical Medicine
and Hygiene, 51(5), 538544.
Gleick, P.H., 1993: Water in Crisis.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 473 pp.
Goddard, J., 1992: Ecological studies of adult
Ixodes scapularis in Central Mississippi: questing activity in relation
to time of year, vegetation type and meteorological conditions. Journal of
Medical Entomology, 29(3), 501506.
Goos, T.O., 1989: The effects of climate
and climate change on the economy of Alberta. A summary of an Acres International
Limited report: the environment/economy link in Alberta and the implications
under climate change. Climate Change Digest CCD 89-05, Atmospheric Environment
Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 9 pp.
Gorham, E., 1991: Northern peatlands: role
in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological
Applications, 1(2), 182195.
Gorissen, A., J.H. van Ginkel, and J.A. van
Veen, 1995: Grass root decomposition is retarded when grass has been grown under
elevated CO2. Soil
Bio. Biochem, 27, 117120.
Government of Canada, 1996: The State of
Canada's Environment Report. Government of Canada, Ottawa. Available on
the Internet at http://199.212.18.12/folio.pgi/soereng/query=*/doc
Grant, D.R., 1975: Recent coastal submergence
of the Maritime Provinces. Proceedings, Nova Scotian Institute of Science,
27, 83102.
Grant, L., 1991: Human health effects of climate
change and stratospheric ozone depletion. In: Global climate change: health
issues and priorities. Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp.
7277.
Grazulis, T.P., 1993: A 110-Year Perspective
of Significant Tornadoes. In: The Tornado: its structure, dynamics, prediction,
and hazards [Church, C., D. Burgess, C. Doswell, and R. Davies-Jones (eds.)].
American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 467474.
Gregory, J.M., and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1995: Simulation
of daily variability of surface temperature and precipitation over Europe in
the current and 2xCO2 climates
using the UKMO climate model. Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 121, 14511476.
Griffin, G.F. and M.H. Friedel, 1985: Discontinuous
change in central Australia: some implications of major ecological events for
land management. Journal of Arid Environments, 9, 6380.
Groisman, P.Y. and D.R. Easterling, 1994: Century-scale
series of annual precipitation over the contiguous United States and Southern
Canada. In: Trends '93: a compendium of data on global change [Boden,
T.A., D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.)]. ORNL/CDIAC-65, Carbon
Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
TN, USA, pp. 770784.
Grulke, N.E., J.L. Hom, and S.W. Roberts, 1993:
Physiological adjustment of two full-sib families of ponderosa pine to elevated
CO2. Tree Physiology,
12, 391401.
Grulke, N.E., G.H. Riechers, W.C. Oechel, U.
Hjelm, and C. Jaeger, 1990: Carbon balance in tussock tundra under ambient and
elevated atmospheric CO2.
Oecologia, 83, 485494.
Gubler, D.J. and D.W. Trent, 1994: Emergence
of epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health problem in the
Americas, Infectious Agents Diseases, 2(6), 383393.
Gunter, G., 1974: An example of oyster production
decline with a change in the salinity characteristics of an estuary--Delaware
Bay, 18001973. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association,
65, 3.
Haines, A., 1993: The possible effects of climate
change on health. In: Critical Condition: Human Health and the Environment
[Chivian, E., M. McCally, H. Hu, and A. Haines (eds.)]. MIT Press, Cambridge,
MA, USA, pp. 151170.
Hall, N.M.J., B.J. Hooskins, P.J. Valdes, and
C.A. Senior, 1994: Storm tracks in a high resolution GCM with doubled CO2.
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Met. Society, 120, 12091230.
Hallegraeff, G., 1993: A review of harmful
algal blooms and their apparent increase. Phycologica, 32(2),
7999.
Hancock, T., 1997: Catastrophic atmospheric
events/Where science stands on climate variability, atmospheric change and human
health. In: Climate variability, atmospheric change and human health proceedings
[Holmes, R., K. Olgilvie and Q. Chiotti (eds.)] November 45, 1996, Downsview,
Ontario. Pollution Probe Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp. 751.
Hardy, J.L., 1988: Susceptibility and resistance
of vector mosquitoes. In: The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology [Monath,
T.P. (ed.)]. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Hare, S.R. and R.C. Francis, 1995: Climate
change and salmon production in the northeast Pacific Ocean. In: Climate
Change and Northern Fish Populations [R.J. Beamish (ed.)]. Can. Spec.
Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 121, pp. 357372.
Hartmann, H.C., 1990: Climate change impacts
on Laurentian Great Lakes levels. Climatic Change, 17(1), 4968.
Haworth, J., 1988: The global distribution
of malaria and the present control effort. In: Malaria: Principles and Practices
of Malariology [Wernsdofer, W. (ed.)]. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh,
United Kingdom, pp. 7999.
Hayami, Y. and V.W. Ruttan, 1985: Agricultural
development: an international perspective. The Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, MD, USA, 506 pp.
Heady, H., and R.D. Child, 1994: Rangeland
ecology and management. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, 519 pp.
Heath, L.S., P.E. Kauppi, P. Burschel, H.D.
Gregor, R. Guderian, G.H. Kohlmaier, S. Lorenz, D. Overdieck, F. Scholz, H.
Thomasius, and M. Weber, 1993: Contribution of temperate forests to the world's
carbon budget. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 70, 5569.
Henderson, M.A., D.A. Levy, and D.J. Stockner,
1992: Probable consequences of climate change on freshwater production of Adams
River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). GeoJournal, 2,
5159.
Higgins, R.W., Y. Yao, E.S. Yarosh, J.E. Janowiak,
and K.C. Mo, 1997: Influence of the Great Plains low-level jet on summertime
precipitation and moisture transport over the Central United States. Journal
of Climate, 10, 481507.
Hirsch, J., 1988: As streets melt, cars are
flummoxed by hummocks. The New York Times, 137(45799), B1, B5.
Hodges, D.G., F.W. Cubbage and J.L. Regens,
1992: Regional forest migrations and potential economic effects, Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, 11, 11291136.
Hogg, W.D. and V.R. Swail, 1997: Climate
extremes indices in northern climates. Proceedings of a workshop on indices
and indicators for climate extremes, Asheville, NC, June 36, 1997, 14
pp.
Horton, E.B., 1995: Geographical distribution
of changes in maximum and minimum temperatures. Atmos. Res., 37,
102117.
Howard, J.D., O.H. Pilkey, and A. Kaufman,
1985: Strategy for beach preservation proposed. Geotimes, 30,
1519.
Hull, C.H.J. and J.G. Titus (eds.), 1986: Greenhouse
effect, sea level rise, and salinity in the Delaware Estuary. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and Delaware River Basin Commission, Washington, DC, USA,
88 pp.
Hunt, H.W., E.T. Elliot, J.K. Detling, J.A.
Morgan, and D.-X. Chen, 1996: Responses of a C3 and a C4
perennial grass to elevated CO2
and temperature under different water regimes. Global Change Biology,
2, 3547.
Huq, A., R.R. Colwell, R. Rahman, A. Ali, M.
Chowdhury, S. Parveen, D. Sack, and E. Russek-Cohen, 1990: Detection of Vibrio
cholerae 01 in the aquatic environment by fluorescent-monoclonal antibody and
culture methods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 23702373.
IBI Group, 1990: The implications of long-term
climatic change on transportation in Canada. CCD 90-02, Atmospheric Environment
Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 8 pp.
International Monetary Fund, 1996: International
financial statistics yearbook. International Monetary Fund, Washington,
DC, 827 pp.
IPCC, 1990: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific
Assessment [Houghton, H.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums (eds.)]. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 365 pp.
Cubasch, U. and R.D. Cess, Chapter 3.
Processes and Modelling, pp. 6991.
Mitchell, J.F.B., S. Manabe, V. Meleshko,
and T. Tokioka, Chapter 5. Equilibrium Climate Change -- and its Implications
for the Future, pp. 131172.
IPCC, 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science
of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.J.,
L.G. Meiro Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA,
572 pp.
Summary for Policymakers and Technical
Summary, pp. 149.
Schimel, D., D. Alves, I. Enting, M. Heimann,
F. Joos, D. Raynaud, T.M.L. Wigley, E. Sanhueza, X. Zhou, P. Jonas, R. Charlson,
H. Rodhe, S. Sadasivan, K.P. Shine, Y. Fouquart, V. Ramaswamy, S. Solomon, J.
Srinivasan, D. Albritton, R. Derwent, Y. Isaken, M. Lal, and D. Wuebbles, Chapter
2. Radiation Forcing of Climate Change, pp. 65131.
Nicholls, N., G.V. Gruza, J. Jouzel, T.R.
Karl, L.A. Ogallo, and D.E. Parker, Chapter 3. Observed Climate Variability
and Change, pp. 133192.
Gates, W.L., A. Henderson-Sellers, G.J.
Boer, C.K. Folland, A.Kitoh, B.J. McAvaney, F. Semazzi, N. Smith, A.J. Weaver,
and Q.-C. Zeng, Chapter 5. Climate Models -- Evaluation, pp. 235284.
Kattenberg, A., F. Giorgi, H. Grassl,
G.A. Meehl, J.F.B.
Mitchell, R.J. Stouffer, T. Tokioka, A.J. Weaver,
and T.M.L. Wigley, Chapter 6. Climate Models -- Projections of Future Climate,
pp. 289357.
Warrick, R.A., C. Le Provost, M.F. Meier,
J. Oerlemans, and P.L. Woodworth, Chapter 7. Changes in Sea Level, pp.
359405.
Santer, B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, T.P. Barnett,
and E. Anyamba, Chapter 8. Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of
Causes, pp. 407443.
IPCC, 1996. Climate Change 1995: Impacts,
Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA,
880 pp.
Kirschbaum, M.U.F., Chapter A. Ecophysiological,
Ecological, and Soil Processes in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Primer on General
Concepts and Relationships, pp. 5774.
Allen-Diaz, B., Chapter 2. Rangelands
in a Changing Climate: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation, pp. 131158.
Bullock, P. and H. Le Houérou,
Chapter 4. Land Degradation and Desertification, pp. 170189.
Beniston, M. and D.G. Fox, Chapter 5.
Impacts of Climate Change on Mountain Regions, pp. 191213.
Öquist, M.G. and B.H. Svensson, Chapter
6. Non-Tidal Wetlands, pp. 215239.
Fitzharris, B.B., Chapter 7. The Cryosphere:
Changes and their Impacts, pp. 240265.
Arnell, N., B. Bates, H. Lang, J.J. Magnuson,
and P. Mulholland, Chapter 10. Hydrology and Freshwater Ecology, pp.
325364.
Scott, M.J., Chapter 12. Human Settlements
in a Changing Climate: Impacts and Adaptation, pp. 399426.
Reilly, J., Chapter 13. Agriculture
in a Changing Climate: Impacts and Adaptation, pp. 427467.
Kaczmarek, Z., Chapter 14. Water Resources
Management, pp. 469486.
McMichael, A., Chapter 18. Human Population
Health, pp. 561584.
IRC, 1995: Coastal exposure and community
protection--Hurricane Andrew's legacy. Insurance Research Council, Wheaton,
IL, USA, 48 pp.
James, F.C. and H.H. Shugart, 1974: The phenology
of the nesting season of the American robin (Turdus migratorius) in the
United States. Condor, 76, 159168.
Jetten, T.H. and D.A. Focks, 1997: Changes
in the distribution of dengue transmission under climate warming scenarios,
Am J Trop Med Hyg (in press).
Johns, T.C., R.E. Carnell, J.F. Crossley, J.M.
Gregory, J.F.B. Mitchell, C.A. Senior, S.F.B. Tett, and R.A. Wood, 1997: The
second Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM: Model description, spinup
and validation. Climate Dynamics (submitted).
Johnson, R.H. and R.B. Vaughan, 1989: The Cows
Rocks landslide. Geological Journal, 24, 354370.
Jongen, M., M.B. Jones, T. Hebeisen, H. Blum,
and G. Hendrey, 1995: The effects of elevated CO2
concentrations on the root growth of Lolium perenne and Trifolium
repens grown in a FACE system. Global Change Biology, 1, 261371.
Joyce, L.A., J.R. Mills, L.S. Heath, A.D. McGuire,
R.W. Haynes, and R.A. Birdsey, 1995: Forest sector impacts from changes in forest
productivity under climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 22(45),
703713.
Kahya, E. and J.A. Dracup, 1993: U.S. streamflow
patterns in relation to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Water Resources
Research, 29, 24912503.
Kalkstein, L.S. and J.S. Greene, 1997: An evaluation
of climate/mortality relationships in large U.S. cities and the possible impacts
of a climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105(1),
8493.
Kalkstein, L.S., J.S. Greene, M.C. Nichols
and C.D. Barthel, 1993: A new spatial climatological procedure. In: Proceedings
of the eighth conference on applied climatology, January 1722, 1993,
Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 169174.
Kalkstein, L.S., P.F. Jamason, J.S. Greene,
J. Libby, and L. Robinson, 1995: The Philadelphia hot weather-health watch/warning
system: development and application, summer 1995. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 77(7), 15191528.
Kalkstein, L.S. and K.E. Smoyer, 1993: The
impact of climate change on human health: some international implications. Experiencia,
49, 469479.
Kalkstein, L.S., et al., 1997: The impacts
of weather and pollution on human mortality. EPA 230-94-019. US EPA Office of
Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, USA (in press).
Kana, T.W., J. Michel, M.O. Hayes, and J.R.
Jensen, 1984: The physical impact of sea level rise in the area of Charleston,
South Carolina. In: Greenhouse effect and sea level rise: A challenge for
this generation [Barth, M.C. and J.G. Titus (eds.)]. Van Nostrand Reinhold
Co. Inc., New York, NY, USA, pp. 105144.
Karl, T.R., P.D. Jones, R.W. Knight, G. Kukla,
N. Plummer, V. Razuvayev, K.P. Gallo, J. Lindseay, R.J. Charlson, and T.C. Peterson,
1993: A new perspective on recent global warming: Asymmetric trends of daily
maximum and minimum temperature. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, 74, 10071023.
Karl, T.R., R.W. Knight, D.R. Easterling, and
R.G. Quayle, 1995a: Trends in U.S. climate during the 20th century. Consequences,
1, 312.
Karl, T.R., R.W. Knight, and N. Plummer, 1995b:
Trends in high-frequency climate variability in the twentieth century. Nature,
377, 217220.
Karl, T.R., R.W. Knight, D.R. Easterling, and
R.G. Quayle, 1996: Indices of climate change for the United States. Bulletin
of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 279303.
Katsouyanni, K., A. Pantazopoulou, and G. Touloumi,
1993: Evidence for interaction between air pollution and high temperature in
the causation of excess mortality. Archives of Environmental Health,
48, 235242.
Katz, R.W. and B.G. Brown, 1992: Extreme events
in a changing climate: variability is more important than averages. Climatic
Change, 21(3), 289302.
Kaye, A., and E.S. Barghoorn, 1964: Lake quaternary
sea level change and coastal rise at Boston, MA. Geology Society of America
Bulletin, 75, 6380.
Kearney, M.S. and J.C. Stevenson, 1985: Sea
level rise and marsh vertical accretion rates in Chesapeake Bay. In: Coastal
zone '85 [Magoon, O.T., H. Converse, D. Miner, D. Clark, and L.T. Tobin,
(eds.)]. American Society of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, pp. 14511461.
Keim, B.D., G.E. Faiers, R.A. Muller, J.M.
Grymes III, and R.V. Rohli, 1995: Long-term trends of precipitation and runoff
in Louisiana, USA. International Journal of Climatology, 15, 531541.
Keith, V.F., J.C. De Avila, and R.M. Willis,
1989: Effect of climate change on shipping within Lake Superior and Lake Erie.
In: Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States: Appendix
H -- Infrastructure [Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.)]. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
Kellison, R.C. and R.J. Weir, 1987: Breeding
strategies in forest tree populations to buffer against elevated atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels. In: The Greenhouse effect, climate change and U.S.
forests [Shands, W.E. and J.S. Hoffman (eds.)].
Kemp, P.R., D.G. Waldecker, C.E. Owensby, J.F.
Reynolds, and R.A. Virginia, 1994: Effects of elevated CO2
and nitrogen fertilization pretreatments on decomposition of tallgrass prairie
leaf litter. Plant Soil, 165, 115127.
Kilbourne, E.M., 1992: Epidemiological Statistics.
WHO Reg Publ. Eur. Series, 42, 525.
King, G.A. and R.P. Neilson, 1992: The transient
response of vegeta
tion to climate change: a potential source of CO2
to the atmosphere. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 64, 365383.
Kirschbaum, M.U.F., D.A. King, H.N. Comins,
R.E. McMurtrie, B.E. Medlyn, S. Pongracic, D. Murty, H. Keith, R.J. Raison,
P.K. Khanna, and D.W. Sheriff, 1994: Modelling forest response to increasing
CO2 concentration
under nutrient-limited conditions. Plant, Cell and Environment, 17,
10811099.
Kittel, T.G.F., F. Giorgi, and G.A. Meehl,
1998: Intercomparison of regional biases and doubled CO2
sensitivity of coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model experiments.
Climate Dynamics. 26 manuscript pages.
Kitzmiller, J.H., 1993: Genetic considerations
in propagating diverse tree species. In: Proceedings, Western Forest Nursery
Association, September 12-14, 1992, Fallen Leaf Lake, CA [Landis, T.D. (ed.)].
General Technical Report RM-221, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 151
pp.
Klarin, P. and M. Hershman, 1990: Response
of the coastal zone management programs to sea level rise in the United States,
Coastal Management, 18(2), 143166.
Knoop, W.T. and B.H. Walker, 1985: Interactions
of woody and herba
ceous vegetation in a southern Africa savanna. Journal
of Ecology, 73, 235253.
Komarek, E.V., 1974: Effects of fire on temperate
forests and related ecosystems: Southeastern United States. In: Fire and
Ecosystems [Kozlowski, T.T. and C.E. Ahlgren (eds.)]. Academic Press, New
York, NY, USA, pp. 251277.
Körner, C., 1995: Towards a better experimental
basis for upscaling plant responses to elevated CO2
and climate warming. Plant, Cell and Environment, 18, 11011110.
Korsog, P.E. and G.T. Wolff, 1991: An examination
of tropospheric ozone trends in the northeastern U.S. (19731983) using
a robust statistical method. Atmospheric Environment, 25B, 4751.
Kramer, K., A. Friend, and I. Leinonen, 1996:
Modelling comparison to evaluate the importance of phenology and spring frost
damage for the effects of climate change on growth of mixed temperate-zone deciduous
forests. Climate Research, 7, 3141.
Kunkel, K.E., S.A. Changnon, and J.R. Angel,
1994: Climatic aspects of the 1993 Upper Mississippi River basin flood. Bulletin
of the American Meteorological Society, 75(5), 811822.
Kuntasal, G. and T.Y. Chang, 1987: Trends and
relationship of O3, NOx, and HC in the south coast air
basin of California. Journal of
the Air Pollution Control Association, 37,
11581163.
Kyper, T., and R. Sorensen, 1985: Potential
impacts of selected sea level rise scenarios on the beach and coastal works
at Sea Bright, New Jersey. In: Coastal zone '85 [Magoon, O.T., H. Converse,
D. Miner, D. Clark, and L.T. Tobin (eds.)]. American Society of Chemical Engineers,
New York, NY, pp. 26452655.
Lambert, S.J., 1995: The effect of enhanced
greenhouse warming on winter cyclone frequencies and strengths. Journal of
Climate, 8, 14471452.
Lamothe and Périard, 1988: Implications
of climate change for downhill skiing in Quebec. CCD 88-03, Environment
Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 12 pp.
Landhauser, S.M. and R.W. Wein, 1993: Postfire
vegetation recovery and tree establishment at the Arctic treeline: climate-change-vegetation-response
hypotheses. Journal of Ecology, 81, 665672.
Landsea, C.W., N. Nicholls, W.M. Gray, and
L.A. Avila, 1996: Quiet early 1990s continues trend of fewer intense atlantic
hurricanes. Journal of Climate, 5, 435453.
Lane, L.J., M.H. Nichols, and H.B. Osborn,
1994: Time series analysis of global change data. Environmental Pollution,
83, 6368.
Layton, M., M.E. Parise, C.C. Campbell, R.
Advani, J.D. Sexton, E.M. Bosler and J.R. Zucker, 1995: Mosquito transmitted
malaria in New York, 1993, Lancet, 346(8977), 729731.
Leatherman, S.P., 1979: Migration of Assateague
Island, Maryland, by inlet and overwash processes, Geology, 7, 104107.
Leatherman, S.P., 1984: Coastal geomorphic
responses to sea level rise: Galveston Bay, Texas. In: Greenhouse effect
and sea level rise: a challenge for this generation [Barth, M.C. and J.G.
Titus, (eds.)]. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Inc., New York, NY, pp. 151178.
Leatherman, S.P., 1989: National assessment
of beach nourishment requirements associated with accelerated sea level rise.
In: The potential effects of global climate change on the United States:
Appendix B -- Sea level rise [Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.)]. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
Lee, D.H., R. Moulton, and B.A. Hibner, 1996:
Climate change impacts on western Lake Erie, Detroit River, and Lake St. Clair
water levels. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor,
MI and Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, 44 pp.
Leitch, J.A., 1981: The wetlands and drainage
controversyrevisited. Agricultural Economist 26. University of
Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA, 5 pp.
Leitch, J.A. and L.E. Danielson, 1979: Social,
economic and institutional incentives to drain or preserve prairie wetlands.
Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, MN, USA, 78 pp.
Lenihan, J.M. and R.P. Neilson, 1993: A rule-based
vegetation formation model for Canada. Journal of Biogeography, 20,
615628.
Lenihan, J.M. and R.P. Neilson, 1995: Canadian
vegetation sensitivity to projected climatic change at three organizational
levels. Climatic Change, 30(1), 2756.
Lettenmaier, D.P., E.F. Wood, and J.R. Wallis,
1994: Hydro-climatological trends in the continental United States, 19481988.
Journal of Climate, 7, 586607.
Lewellen, R., 1970: Permafrost erosion along
the Beaufort sea coast. University of Denver, Geography and Geology Department,
Denver CO, USA, 25 pp.
Lewis, C.P., 1974: Sediments and sedimentary
processes, Yukon-Beaufort sea coast. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 75-1,
Part B. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp. 165170.
Lewis, N., 1988: Two more heat records fall
as summer of 1988 boils on. The Washington Post, 111(257), A1,
A10, A11, August 18.
Linder, K.P. and M.R. Inglis, 1989: The potential
effects of climate change on regional and national demands for electricity.
In: The potential impacts of global climate change on the United States. In:
Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States: Appendix
H -- Infrastructure [Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.)]. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
Lins, H.F., and P.J. Michaels, 1994: Increasing
U.S. streamflow linked to greenhouse forcing. EOS Transactions, 75,
281283.
Loehle, C., 1988: Forest decline: endogenous
dynamics, tree defenses, and the elimination of spurious correlation. Vegetatio,
77, 6578.
Loehle, C. and D. LeBlanc, 1996: Model-based
assessments of climate change effects on forests: a critical review. Ecological
Modelling, 90, 131.
Lonergan, S., R. DiFrancesco, and M. Woo, 1993:
Climate change and transportation in Northern Canada: an integrated impact assessment.
Climatic Change, 24(4), 331351.
Longhurst, A., S. Sathyendranath, T. Platt,
and C. Caverhill, 1995: An estimate of global primary production in the ocean
from satellite radiometer data. J. Plank. Res. 17, 12451271.
Louisiana Wetland Protection Panel, 1987: Saving
Louisiana's wetlands: The need for a long-term plan of action. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and Louisiana Geological Survey, Washington DC, 102 pp.
Loveland, J.E. and G.Z. Brown, 1990: Impacts
of climate change on the energy performance of buildings in the United States.
OTA/UW/UO, Contract J3-4825.0, Office of Technology Assessment, United States
Congress, Washington, DC, USA, 58 pp.
Lovett, G.M., 1994: Atmospheric deposition
of nutrients and pollutants in North America: an ecological perspective. Ecological
Applications, 4, 629650.
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council,
___ U.S. ___, 112 S.Ct. 2886 (1992).
Maarouf, A., 1995: Human Health. In: The
case for contributions to the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) [Canadian
Climate Program Board (ed)]. Canadian Climate Program Board, Ottawa, Ontario
pp. 105108.
MacKenzie, W.R., N.J. Hoxie, M.E. Proctor,
and M.S. Gradus, 1994: A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidum infection
transmitted through public water supply. New England Journal of Medicine,
331(3), 161167.
Magnuson, J.J., and B.T. DeStasio, 1996: Thermal
niche of fishes and global warming. In: Global warming -- implications for
freshwater and marine fish [Wood, C.M. and D.G. McDonald (eds.)]. Society
for Experimental Biology Seminar Series 61, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom, pp. 377408.
Malcolm, J.R. and A. Markham, 1996: Ecosystem
resilience, biodiversity, and climate change: setting limits. Parks,
6, 3849.
Maltby, E., 1986: Waterlogged wealth.
Earthscan Publications International Institute, Washington, DC, USA, 200 pp.
Manabe, S. and R.T. Wetherald, 1987: Large-scale
changes in soil wetness induced by an increase in carbon dioxide. J. Atmos.
Sci., 44, 12111235.
Mann, K.H., 1993: Physical oceanography, food
chains and fish stocks, a review. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 50, 105119.
Manning, W.J. and A.V. Tiedemann, 1995: Climate
change: potential effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2),
ozone (O3), and
ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on plant diseases. Environmental Pollution,
88, 219245.
Marak, R.R. and R. Livingstone Jr., 1970: Spawning
date of Georges Bank haddock. ICNAF Research Bulletin, 7, 5658.
Markham, A., 1996: Potential impacts of climate
change on ecosystems: a review of implications for policymakers and conservation
biologists. Climate Research, 6, 179191.
Markham, A. and J. Malcolm, 1996: Biodiversity
and wildlife conservation: adaptation to climate change. In: Adaptation to
climate change: assessment and issues [Smith, J., N. Bhatti, G. Menzhulin,
R. Benioff, M. Campos, B. Jallow, and F. Rijsberman (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag,
New York, NY, USA, pp. 384401.
Marland, G., and T.A. Boden, 1997: Global,
Regional, and National CO2
Emissions. In: Trends: a compendium of data on global change. Carbon
Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
TN, USA.
Marsh, P., and L.F.W. Lesack, 1996: The hydrologic
regime of perched
lakes in the Mackenzie Delta: potential responses
to climate change. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 849856.
Martens, W., T. Jetten, J. Rotmans, et al.,
1995: Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a global modelling perspective,
Global Environmental Change, 5(3), 195209.
Martin, C., 1992: Climatic perturbation as
a general mechanism of forest dieback. In: Forest Decline Concepts [Manion,
P.D. and D. Lachance (eds.)]. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA, pp. 3858.
Martin, P.H., 1996: Climate change, water stress,
and fast forest response: a sensitivity study. Climatic Change, 34(2),
223230.
Masterton, J.M., R.B. Crowe, and W.M. Baker,
1976: The tourism and outdoor recreation climate of the Prairie Provinces.
REC-1-75, Meteorological Applications Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario,
221 pp.
Matson, P.A., W.J. Parton, A.G. Power and M.J.
Swift, 1997: Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties, Science,
277, 504509.
Matthews, R.B., M.J. Kropff, and D. Bachelet,
1994a: Climate change and rice production in Asia. Entwicklung und Ländlicherraum,
1, 1619.
Matthews, R.B., M.J. Kropff, D. Bachelet, and
H.H. van Laar, 1994b: The impact of global climate change on rice production
in Asia: a simulation study. Report No. ERL-COR-821, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, USA, 289
pp.
Mattson, W.J. and R.A. Haack, 1987: The role
of drought in outbreaks of plant-eating insects. BioScience, 37(2),
110118.
Maxwell, J.B. and L.A. Barrie, 1989: Atmospheric
and climatic change in the Arctic and Antarctic. Ambio, 18(1),
4249.
Mayeux, H.S., H.B. Johnson, and H.W. Polley,
1991: Global change and vegetation dynamics. In: Noxious Range Weeds
[James, L.F., J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs, and R.D. Childs (eds.)]. Westview Press,
Boulder, CO, USA, pp. 6274.
McCabe, Jr., G.J. and D.M. Wolock, 1992:
Effects of climatic change and climatic variability on the Thornthwaite moisture
index in the Delaware River basin. Climatic Change, 20(2), 143153.
McFarlane, N.A., G.J. Boer, J.-P. Blanchet,
and M. Lazare, 1992: The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation
model and its equilibrium climate. J. Clim., 5, 10131044.
McGillivray, D.G., T.A. Agnew, G.A. McKay,
G.R. Pilkington, and M.C. Hill, 1993: Impacts of climatic change on the Beaufort
sea-ice regime: implications for the arctic petroleum industry. CCD 93-01,
Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 17 pp.
McGuire, A.D., J.M. Melillo, and L.A. Joyce,
1995: The role of nitrogen in the response of forest net primary production
to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,
26, 473503.
McLaughlin, S.B. and D.J. Downing, 1995: Interactive
effects of ambient ozone and climate measured on growth of mature forest trees.
Nature, 374, 252254.
McLeese, D.W. and D.G. Wilder, 1958. The activity
and catchability of the lobster (Homarus americanus) in relation to temperature.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 15, 13451354.
McNaughton, S.J., R.W. Ruess, and S.W. Seagle,
1988: Large mammals and process dynamics in African ecosystems. BioSciences,
38, 794800.
McNeely, J.A., 1990: Climate change and biological
diversity: policy implications. In: Landscape ecological impacts of climate
change [Boer, M.M. and R.S. de Groot (eds.)]. IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands,
pp. 406428.
McNulty, S.G., J.M. Vose, and W. Swank, 1996:
Potential climate change effects on loblolly pine forest productivity and drainage
across the southern United States. Ambio, 25, 449453.
Meade, M., J. Florin, and W. Gesler, 1988:
Medical Geography. The Guildford Press, New York, NY, 340 pp.
Mearns, L.O., F. Giorgi, L. McDaniel, and C.
Shields, 1995: Analysis of daily variability of precipitation in a nested regional
climate model: comparison with observations and doubled CO2
results. Global
and Planetary Change, 10, 5578.
Mearns, L.O., C. Rosenzweig, and R. Goldberg,
1996: The effects of changes in daily and interannual climatic variability on
CERES-wheat: A sensitivity study. Climatic Change, 32(1), 257292.
Meisner, J.D., 1990: Effect of climatic warming
on the southern margins of the native range of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47, 10671070.
Mekis, E., and W. Hogg, 1997: Rehabilitation
and analysis of Canadian daily precipitation time series. In: 10th conference
on Applied Climatology, 2024 October 1997, Reno, Nevada, USA (in press).
Miller, B.A., et al., 1992: Impact of incremental
changes in meteorology on thermal compliance and power system operations.
Report WR28-1-680-109. Tennessee Valley Authority Engineering Laboratory, Norris,
TN, USA, 32 pp.
Mills, P., 1994: The agricultural potential
of northwestern Canada and Alaska and the impact of climatic change. Arctic,
47, 115213.
Mitchell, J.F.B., T.C. Johns, J.M. Gregory,
and S. Tett, 1995: Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases
and sulphate aerosols. Nature, 376, 501504.
Mitchell, J.F.B. and D. A. Warrilow, 1987:
Summer dryness in northern mid latitudes due to increased CO2.
Nature, 330, 238240.
Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink, 1986: Wetlands.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Inc., New York, NY, USA, 539 pp.
Monath, T.P. and T.F. Tsai, 1987: St. Louis
encephalitis: lessons from the last decade. American Journal of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene, 37, 40S59S.
Moore, M.V., M.L. Pace, J.R. Mather, P.S. Murdoch,
R.W. Howarth, C.L. Folt, C.Y. Chen, H.F. Hemond, P.A. Flebbe, and C.T. Driscoll,
1997: Potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the New
England/Mid-Atlantic Region. Hydrol. Processes, (in press). Hydrologic
Processes, 11, 925947.
Moore, R., S. Tzipori, J.K. Griffiths, and
K. Johnson, 1995: Temporal changes in permeability and structure of piglet ileum
after site-specific infection by cryptosporidium parvium. Gastroenterology,
108(4), 10301039.
Morgan, J.A., H.W. Hunt, C.A. Monz, and D.R.
Lecain, 1994: Consequences of growth at two carbon dioxide concentrations and
two temperatures for leaf gas exchange in Pascopyrum smithii (C3)
and Bouteloua gracilis (C4). Plant Cell Environment, 17,
10231033.
Morin, G. and M. Slivitzky, 1992: Impacts de
changements climatiques sur le régime hydrologique: le cas de la rivière
Moisie. Revue des Sciences de l'Eau, 5, 179195.
Mortsch, L. and F. Quinn, 1996: Climate change
scenarios for Great Lakes Basin ecosystem studies. Limnology and Oceanography,
41(5), 903911.
Mortsch, L.D. and B.N. Mills (eds.), 1996:
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin Project progress report #1: adapting to the impacts
of climate change and variability. Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario,
140 pp. + appendix. 160 pp.
Mount, G.A., D.G. Haile, D.R. Barnard, and
E. Daniels, 1993: New Version of LSTSIM for computer simulation of Amblyomma
americanum (Acari: Ixodes) population dynamics. Journal of Medical Entomology,
30(5), 843857.
Myers, R.A., J.A. Hutchings and N.J. Barrowman,
1996: Hypotheses for the decline of cod in the North Atlantic. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 138, 293308.
Myneni, R.B., C.D. Keeling, C.J. Tucker, G.
Asrar, and R.R. Nemani, 1997: Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes
from 1981 to 1991. Nature, 386, 698702.
Nash, L.L. and P.H. Gleick, 1993: The Colorado
River basin and climate change: the sensitivity of streamflow and water supply
to variations in temperature and precipitation. EPA-230-R-93-009, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 92 pp.
National Council on Public Works Improvement,
1988. Fragile foundations -- Final report to the President and Congress.
Washington, DC, USA, 226 pp.
National Research Council, 1987: Responding
to changes in sea level. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 148
pp.
Neilson, R.P., 1993a: Vegetation redistribution:
a possible biosphere source of CO2
during climate change. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 70, 659673.
Neilson, R.P., 1993b: Transient ecotone response
to climatic change: some conceptual and modelling approaches. Ecological
Applications, 3, 385395.
Neilson, R.P., 1995: A model for predicting
continental-scale vegetation distribution and water balance. Ecological Applications,
5, 362385.
Neilson, R.P., G.A. King, and G. Koerper, 1992:
Toward a rule-based biome model. Landscape Ecology, 7, 2743.
Neilson, R.P. and D. Marks, 1994: A global
perspective of regional vegetation and hydrologic sensitivities from climatic
change. Journal of Vegetation Science, 5, 715730.
Newton, P.C.D., H. Clark, C.C. Bell, E.M. Glasgow,
K.R. Tate, D.J. Ross, G.W. Yeates, and S. Saggar, 1995: Plant growth and soil
processes in temperate grassland communties at elevated CO2.
J. Biogeography, 22, 235240.
Ng, H., and J. Marsalek, 1992: Sensitivity
of streamflow simulation to changes in climatic inputs. Nordic Hydrology,
23(4), 257272.
Nixon, J.F., K.A. Sortland, and D.A. James,
1990: Geotechnical aspects of northern gas pipeline design. In: 5th Canadian
Permafrost Conference., Collection Nordicana No. 54, Laval University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, pp. 299307.
Noden, B.H., M.D. Kent, and J.C. Beier, 1995:
The impact of variations in temperature on early Plasmodium falciparum development
in Anopheles stephensi. Parasitology, 111, 539545.
Norby, R.J., 1996: Forest canopy productivity
index. Nature, 381, 564.
Nordstrum, K.F., 1992. Estuarine Beaches:
an introduction to the physical and human factors affecting use and management
of beaches in estuaries, lagoons, bays and fjords. Elsevier Science Publishers,
Essex, UK, 225 pp.
NRC Committee on Rangeland Classification,
1994: Rangeland health: new methods to classify, inventory and monitor rangelands.
National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Oechel, W.C., S.J. Hastings, G. Vourlitis,
and M. Jenkins, 1993: Recent change of arctic tundra ecosystems from net carbon
dioxide sink to a source. Nature, 361, 520523.
OIES, 1991: Arid Ecosystems Interactions.
Report OIES-6 UCAR, UCAR Office for Interdisciplinary Research, Boulder, CO,
USA.
Oja, T. and P.A. Arp, 1996: Nutrient cycling
and biomass growth at a North American hardwood site in relation to climate
change: ForSVA assessments. Climatic Change, 34(2), 239251.
O'Neill, E.G. and R.J. Norby, 1996: Litter
quality and decomposition rates of foliar litter produced under CO2
enrichment. In: Carbon dioxide and terrestial ecosystems [Koch, G.W.
and H.A. Mooner (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 87103.
Oppenheimer, M., 1989: Climate change and environmental
pollution: physical and biological interactions. Climatic Change, 15(1-2),
255270.
Oram, P.A. 1989: Climate and food security.
International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines. 602 pp.
Ostby, F.P., 1993: The changing nature of tornado
climatology. In: Preprints, 17th Conference on Severe Local Storms, October
48, 1993, St. Louis, Missouri, American Meteorological Society, Boston,
MA, pp. 15.
OTA, 1984: Wetlands: their use and regulation.
U.S. Congress OTA-O-206, Washington, DC, USA, 208 pp.
OTA, 1993: Preparing for an uncertain climate
- Volume I. OTA-0-567. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA,
372 pp.
Overpeck, J.T., D. Rind, and R. Goldberg, 1990:
Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature,
343, 5153.
Owensby, C.E., L.M. Auen, and P.I. Coyne, 1994:
Biomass production in a nitrogen-fertilized, tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed
to ambient and elevated levels of CO2.
Plant Soil, 165, 105113.
Owensby, C.E., R.C. Cochran, and L.M. Auen,
1996: Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on forage quality for ruminants. In:
Carbon diox
ide, populations, and communities [Körner,
C. and F.A. Bazzaz (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 363371.
Owensby, C.E., P.I. Coyne, J.M. Ham, L.A. Auen,
and A.K. Knapp, 1993: Biomass production in a tall grass prairie ecosystem exposed
to elevated CO2.
Ecological Applications, 3, 644653.
Pacala, S.W., C.D. Canham, J. Saponara, J.A.
Silander, R.K. Kobe, and E. Ribbens, 1996: Forest models defined by field measurements:
estimation, error analysis and dynamics. Ecological Monographs, 66,
143.
PAHO, 1994: Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic
fever in the Americas: guidelines for prevention and control. Pan American
Health Organization, Washington, DC, 98 pp.
Park, R.A., M.S. Treehan, P.W. Mausel, and
R.C. Howe, 1989: The effects of sea level rise on U.S. coastal wetlands. In:
The potential effects of global climate change on the United States: Appendix
B -- Sea level rise [Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.)]. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 255 pp.
Parker, A.J., 1986: Environmental and historical
factors affecting red and white fir regeneration in ecotonal forests. Forest
Science, 32, 339347.
Parrish, G., 1997: Impact of Weather on Health.
In: Workshop on the Social and Economic Impacts of Weather [Pielke, Jr.,
R.A. (ed.)]. April 24, 1997, Boulder, CO, USA, pp. 8791.
Parsons, D.J., 1991: Planning for climate change
in national parks and other natural areas. The Northwest Environmental Journal,
7, 255269.
Parton, W.J., J. M.O. Scurlock, D.S. Ojima,
T.G. Gilmanov, R.J. Scholes, D.S. Schimel, T. Kirchner, J.C. Menaut, T. Seastedt,
E. Gracia Moya, A. Kamnalrut, and J.L. Kinyamario, 1993: Observations and modeling
of biomass and soils organic matter dynamics for grassland biome worldwide.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 785809.
Pastor, J. and W.M. Post, 1988: Response of
northern forests to CO2-induced
climate change. Nature, 334, 5558.
PCSD, 1996: Sustainable America: a new consensus
for prosperity, opportunity, and a healthy environment for the future. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA, 186 pp.
Peixoto, J.P. and A.H. Oort, 1992: Physics
of climate. American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, USA, 520 pp.
Perez-Garcia, J., L.A. Joyce, C.S. Binkley,
and A.D. McGuire, 1997: Economic impacts of climatic change on the global forest
sector: an integrated ecological/economic assessment. Critical Reviews of
Environmental Science and Technology (in press).
Perruchoud, D.O. and A. Fischlin, 1995: The
response of the carbon cycle in undisturbed forest ecosystems to climate change:
a review of plant-soil models. Journal of Biogeography, 22(45),
759774.
Perry, D.A. and J. Maghembe, 1989: Ecosystem
concepts and current trends in forest management: time for reappraisal, Forest
Ecology and Management, 26, 123140.
Peters, R.L. and J.D.S. Darling, 1985: The
greenhouse effect and nature reserves. BioScience, 35, 707717.
Phelps, P., 1996: Conference on human health
and global climate change: summary of the proceedings. September 1112,
1995, Washington, DC, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 64 pp.
Phillips, D., 1990: The Climates of Canada.
Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 176 pp.
Phillips, D.L., J. Lee, and R.F. Dodson, 1996:
Sensitivity of the U.S. corn belt to climate change and elevated CO2:
I. Corn and soybean yields. Agricultural Systems, 52, 481502.
Poff, J.L., 1992: Regional hydrologic response
to climate change: an ecological perspective. In: Global climate change and
freshwater ecosystems [Firth, P. and S.G. Fisher (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag,
New York, NY, USA, pp. 88115.
Poiani, K.A. and W.C. Johnson, 1991: Global
warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat.
Bioscience, 41, 611618.
Poiani, K.A. and W.C. Johnson, 1993: Potential
effects of climate
change on a semi-permanent prairie wetland. Climatic
Change, 24 (37), 213232.
Polley, H.W., 1997: Implications of rising
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for rangelands. Journal of Range
Management, (in press).
Polley, H.W., H.B. Johnson, and H.S. Mayeux,
1994: Increasing CO2:
comparative responses of the C4 grass Schizachyrium and grassland
invader. Prosopis. Ecology, 75, 976988.
Polley, H.W., H.B. Johnson, H.S. Mayeux, C.R.
Tischler, and D.A. Brown, 1996: Carobon dioxide enrichment improves growth,
water relations and survival of droughted honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)
seedlings. Tree Physiology, 16, 817823.
Polley, H.W., H.S. Mayeux, H.B. Johnson, and
C.R. Tischler, 1997: Viewpoint: atmospheric CO2,
soil water, and shrub/grass ratios on rangelands. Journal of Range Management,
50, 278284.
Pope, C., D. Bates, and M. Raizenne, 1995:
Health effects of particulate air pollution: time for reassessment? Environmental
Health Perspectives, 103, 472480.
Post, W.M. and J. Pastor, 1996: LINKAGES --
An individual-based forest ecosystem model. Climatic Change, 34(2),
253261.
Post, W.M., J. Pastor, A.W. King, and W.R.
Emanuel, 1992: Aspects of the interaction between vegetation and soil under
global change. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 64, 345363.
Powell, D.S., J.L. Faulkner, D.R. Darr, Z.
Zhu, and D.W. MacCleery, 1993: Forest resources of the United States, 1992.
USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report, RM-234, Fort Collins, CO, USA,
132 pp.
Price, C. and D. Rind, 1994: Possible implications
of global climate change on global lightning distributions and frequencies.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 10823.
Price, D.T. and M.J. Apps, 1996: Boreal forest
responses to climate-change scenarios along an ecoclimatic transect in Central
Canada. Climatic Change, 34(2), 179190.
Prowse, T.D., 1997: Climate change effects
on permafrost, freshwater ice and glaciers. In: Ecosystem Effects of Atmospheric
Change. Proceedings of a colloquium, March 56, 1996, Pointe Claire,
Quebec. National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario,
pp. 105136.
Rahel, F.J., C.J. Keleher, and J.L. Anderson,
1996: Potential habitat loss and population fragmentation for cold water fish
in the North Platte River drainage of the Rocky Mountains: response to climatic
warming. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 11161123.
Rauzi, F. and C.L. Fly, 1968: Water Intake
on Midcontinental Rangelands as Influenced by Soil and Plant Cover. Technical
Bulletin No. 1390. USDA-ARS, Washington, DC, USA, 58 pp.
Reeves, W.C., J.L. Hardy, W.K. Reisen, and
M.M. Milby, 1994: The potential effect of global warming on mosquito-borne arboviruses.
Journal of Medical Entomology, 31(3), 323332.
Regens, J.L., F.W. Cubbage and D.G. Hodges,
1989: Greenhouse gases, climate change and U.S. forest markets, Environment,
31(4), 4551.
Regier, H.A., J.A. Holmes, and D. Panly, 1990:
Influence of temperature changes on aquatic ecosystems: an interpretation of
empirical data. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 119,
374389.
Reisen, W.K., R.P. Meyer, S.B. Presser, and
J.L. Hardy, 1993: Effects of temperature on the transmission of Western Equine
encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses by Culex tarsalis
(Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 30, 151160.
Rhodes, S.L. and K.B. Wiley, 1993: Great Lakes
toxic sediments and climate change: implications for environmental remediation.
Global Environmental Change, 3(3), 292305.
Rosenberg, N.J., 1992: Adaptation of agriculture
to climate change. Climatic Change, 21(4), 385405.
Rosenberg, N.J., 1993: Towards an integrated
assessment of climate change: The MINK Study. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Boston, MA, USA, 173 pp.
Rosenthal, D.H., H.K. Gruenspecht, and E. Moran,
1995: Effects of
global warming on energy use for space heating and
cooling in the United States. Energy Journal, 16(2), 7796.
Rosenzweig, C., J. Phillips, R. Goldberg, J.
Carroll, and T. Hodges, 1996: Potential impacts of climate change on citrus
and potato production in the U.S. Agricultural Systems, 52, 455479.
Rotton, J., 1983: Angry, sad, happy? Blame
the weather. U.S. News and World Report, 95, 5253.
Rowntree, P., 1993: Workshop on socio-economic
and policy aspects of change of incidence and intensity of extreme weather events.
Institute for Environmental Studies, W93/15, Free University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, June 2425, 1993.
Russell, P., 1968: The United States and malaria:
debits and credits. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 44,
623653.
Sala, O.E., R.A. Golluscio, W.K. Lauenroth,
and A. Soriano, 1989: Resource partitioning between shrubs and grasses in the
Patagonian steppe. Oeceologia, 81, 501505.
Sala, O.E., W.J. Parton, L.A. Joyce, and W.K.
Lauenroth, 1988: Primary production of the central grasslands region of the
United States. Ecology, 69, 4045.
Sampson, R.N., M. Apps, S. Brown, C.V. Cole,
J. Downing, L.S. Heath, D.S. Ojima, T.M. Smith, A. M. Solomon, and J. Wisniewski,
1993: Workshop summary statement: terrestrial biospheric carbon fluxes -- quantification
of sinks and sources of CO2.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 70, 315.
Savage, M., P.M. Brown, and J. Feddema, 1996:
The role of climate in a pine forest regeneration pulse in the southwestern
United States. Ecoscience, 3, 310318.
Schäppi, B. and C. Körner, 1996:
Growth responses of an alpine grassland to elevated CO2.
Oecologia, 105, 4352.
Schimmelpfenning, D.E., 1996: Uncertainty in
economic models of climate-change impacts. Climatic Change, 33(2),
213234.
Schimmelpfenning, D.E., J. Lewandrowski, J.M.
Reilly, M. Tsigas, and I. Parry, 1996: Agricultural Adaptation to Climate
Change: Issues of Long Run Sustainability. Natural Resource and Environment
Division, Economic Research Service, USDA, AER-740, Washington, DC, 57 pp.
Schindler, D., 1997: Widespread effects of
climatic warming on freshwater ecosystems in North America. Hydrologic Processes,
11, 10431067.
Schindler, D.W., S.E. Bayley, B.R. Parker,
K.G. Beaty, D.R. Cruikshank, E.J. Fee, E.U. Schindler, and M.P. Stainton, 1996:
The effects of climatic warming on the properties of boreal lakes and streams
at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. Limnology and Oceanography,
41, 10041017.
Schindler, D.W., P.J. Curtis, P. Parker, and
M.P. Stainton, 1996: Consequences of climatic warming and lake acidification
for UVb penetration in North American boreal lakes. Nature, 379,
705708.
Schlesinger, M.E. and Z.C. Zhao, 1988: Seasonal
Climate Changes Induced by Doubled CO2
as Simulated by the OSU Atmospheric GCM/Mixed-Layer Ocean Model. Oregon
State University Climate Research Institute Report, Corvallis, OR, USA.
Schlesinger, M.E. and Z.C. Zhao, 1989: Seasonal
climatic change introduced by double CO2
as simulated by the OSU atmospheric GCM/mixed-layer ocean model. Journal
of Climate, 2, 429495.
Schneider, S.H., 1996: Encyclopedia of climate
and weather. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 929 pp.
Schwartz, J., 1994: Air pollution and daily
mortality: a review and meta-analysis. Environmental Research, 64,
3652.
Schwartz, J. and D. Dockery, 1992: Increased
mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations.
American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 142, pp. 600604.
Scifres, C.J., 1980: Brush Management.
Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX, USA, 360 pp.
Scott, M.J., D.L. Hadley, and L.E. Wrench,
1994: Effects of climate change on commercial building energy demand. Energy
Sources, 16(3), 339354.
Scott, M.J., R.D. Sands, L.W. Vail, J.C. Chatters,
D.A. Neitzel, and S.A. Shankle, 1993: The effects of climate change on Pacific
Northwest water-related resources: summary of preliminary find
ings. PNL-8987, Pacific Northwest Laboratory,
Richland, WA, USA, 46 pp.
Seastedt, T.R., J.M. Briggs, and D.J. Gibson,
1991: Controls of nitrogen limitation in tallgrass prairie. Oecologia,
87, 7279.
Sedjo, R.A., 1991: Climate, forests, and fire:
a North American perspective. Environment International, 17, 163168.
Shabbar, A., B. Bonsal, and M. Khandekar, 1997:
Canadian precipitation patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation. Journal
of Climate, 10(11).
Shackell, N.L., K.T. Frank, W.T. Stobo and
D. Brickman, 1995: Cod (Gadus morhua) growth between 1956 and 1966 compared
to growth between 1978 to 1985, on the Scotian Shelf and adjacent areas.
ICES Paper CM 1995/P:1, 18 pp.
Sharp, G.D., 1987: Climate and fisheries: cause
and effect or managing the long and short of it all. South African Journal
of Marine Science, 5, 811838.
Shaw, J., R.B. Taylor, D.L. Forbes, M.H. Rux
and S. Solomon, 1994: Sensitivity of the Canadian coast to sea-level rise.
Geological Survey of Canada Open File Report 2825. Natural Resources Canada,
Ottawa. 114 pp.
Sheppard, J.G., J.G. Pope and R.D. Cousens,
1984: Variations in fish stocks and hypotheses concerning their links with climate.
Rapports et procès-verbaux des réunions, Conseil International
pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 185, 255267.
Shope, R.E., 1980: Arbovirus-related encephalitis.
Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 53, 9399.
Shope, R.E., 1991: Global climate change and
infectious diseases. Environmental Health Perspectives, 96, 171174.
Shriner, D.S., 1980: Vegetation surfaces: a
platform for pollutant/parasite interactions. In: Polluted Rain [Toribara,
T.Y., M.W. Miller, and P.E. Morrow (eds.)]. Plenum Publishers, New York, NY,
pp. 259272.
Shugart, H.H. and T.M. Smith, 1996: A review
of forest patch models and their application to global change research. Climatic
Change, 34(2), 131153.
Shumway, R., A. Azari, and Y. Pawitan, 1988:
Modelling mortality fluctuations in Los Angeles as functions of pollution and
weather effects. Environmental Research, 45, 224241.
Shuter, B.J. and J.R. Post, 1990: Climate,
population viability and the zoogeography of temperate fishes. Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society, 119, 316336.
Shuttleworth, W.J., 1996: The challenges of
developing a changing world. EOS Transactions, 77(36), 347.
Simberloff, D., J.A. Farr, J. Cox, and D.W.
Mehlman, 1992: Movement corridors: conservation bargains or poor investments?
Conservation Biology, 6, 493504.
Sinclair, M. and K. Frank, 1995: Symposium
summary. In: Climate change and northern fish populations [Beamish, R.J.
(ed.)]. Can. Spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 121, 735739.
Singh, B., 1987: The impacts of CO2-induced
climate change on hydro-electric generation potential in the James Bay territory
of Quebec. Proceedings of the influence of climate change and climatic variability
on the hydrologic regime and water resources [Soloman, S.I., M. Beran, and W.
Hogg (eds.)]. IAHS Publication no. 168, Vancouver, British Columbia, pp. 403418.
Sissenwine, M.P., 1984: Why do fish populations
vary? In: Exploitation of Marine Communities, [May, R.M. (ed.)]. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany.
Slade, D.C. (ed.)., 1990: Putting the public
trust doctrine to work. Coastal Sates Organization, Washington, DC, 361
pp.
Slivitzky, M., 1993: Water management: water
supply and demand the St. Lawrence River. Proceedings of the Great Lakes-St.
Lawrence Basin Project workshop on adapting to the impacts of climate change
and variability [Mortsch, L., G. Koshida, and D. Tavares (eds.)]. Environment
Canada, Downsview, Ontario, pp. 3234.
Smit, B., D. McNabb, and J. Smithers, 1996:
Agricultural adaptation to climatic variation. Climatic Change, 33(1),
729.
Smith, J., and E. McBean, 1993: The impact
of climate change on surface water resources. In: The impact of climate
change on water
in the Grand River Basin, Ontario [Sanderson,
M. (ed.)]. Department of Geography, University of Waterloo, Publications Series
No. 40, Waterloo, Ontario, pp. 2552.
Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.), 1989: The
potential effects of global climate change on the United States. EPA-230-05-89,
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC, 411 pp. + app., 689 pp.
Smith, T.M. and H.H. Shugart, 1993: The transient
response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate. Nature,
361, 523526.
Sohngen, B. and R. Mendelsohn, 1997: A dynamic
model of carbon storage in the United States during climate change. Critical
Reviews of Environmental Science and Technology (in press).
Solomon, A.M., 1986:
Transient response of forests to CO2-induced
climate change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America. Oecologia,
68, 567579.
Soulis, E.D., S.I. Solomon, M. Lee, and N.
Kouwen, 1994: Changes to the distribution of monthly and annual runoff in the
Mackenzie Basin using a modified square grid approach. In: Mackenzie Basin
Impact Study interim report #2 [Cohen, S.J. (ed.)]. Environment Canada,
Downsview, Ontario, pp. 197209.
South Carolina, State of, 1988: South
Carolina Beachfront Management Act. SC Code §4839-250 et seq. (1988)
and SC Code §4839-290(D)(1) (1990).
Spaeth, K.E., T.L. Thurow, W.H. Blackburn,
and F.B. Pierson, 1996: Ecological dynamics and management effects on rangeland
hydrologic processes. In: Grazingland Hydrology Issues: Perspectives for
the 21st Century. Society for Range Management, Denver, CO, USA, pp. 2551.
Stage, A.R. and D.E. Ferguson, 1982: Regeneration
modeling as a component of forest succession simulation. In: Forest succession
and stand development research in the northwest [Means, J.E. (ed.)]. Forest
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, USA, pp. 2430.
Staple, T. and G. Wall, 1994: Implications
of climate change for water-based recreation activities in Nahanni National
Park Reserve. In: Mackenzie Basin Impact Study Interim Report #2 [Cohen,
S.J. (ed.)]. Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, pp. 453455.
Starfield, A.M. and F.S. Chapin III, 1996:
Model of transient changes in arctic and boreal vegetation in response to climate
and land use change. Ecological Applications, 6, 842864.
Stefan, H.G., M. Hondzo, and X. Fang, 1993:
Lake water quality modeling for projected future climate scenarios. J. Environ.
Quality, 22, 417431.
Stefan, H.G., M. Hondzo, X. Fang, J.G. Eaton,
and J. McCormick, 1996: Simulated long-term temperature and dissolved oxygen
characteristics of lakes in the north-central United States and associated fish
habitat limits. Limnology and Oceanography, 41(5), 11241135.
Stephenson, N.L., 1990: Climate control of
vegetation distribution: the role of the water balance. American Naturalist,
135, 649670.
Stocks, B.J., 1993: Global warming and forest
fires in Canada. The Forestry Chronicle, 69(3), 290293.
Stocks, B., B.S. Lee, and D.L. Martell, 1996:
Some potential carbon budget implications of fire management in the boreal forest.
In: Forest ecosystems, forest management and the global carbon cycle
[Apps, M.J. and D.T. Price (eds.)]. NATO ASI Series, Subseries 1, Global Environmental
Change, Vol. 40, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 8996.
Street, R.B., 1989: Climate change and forest
fires in Ontario. Proceedings, 10th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology,
Forestry Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 177182.
Suffling, R., 1995: Can disturbance determine
vegetation distribution during climate warming? A boreal test. Journal of
Biogeography, 22, 23872394.
Sweeney, B.W., J.K. Jackson, J.D. Newbold,
and D.H. Funk, 1992: Climate change and the life histories and biogeography
of aquatic insects in eastern North America. In: Global Climate Change and
Freshwater Ecosystems [Firth, P.A. and S.G. Fisher (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag,
New York, NY, USA, pp. 143176.
Tavares, D., 1996: Weather and heat-related
morbidity relationships in Toronto (197989). In: Great Lakes-St. Lawrence
Basin Project progress report #1: adapting to the impacts of climate change
and variability [Mortsch, L.D. and B.N. Mills (eds.)]. Environment Canada,
Burlington, Ontario, pp. 110112.
Taylor, C.C., H.B. Bigelow and H.W. Graham,
1957: Climate trends and the distribution of marine animals in New England.
Fisheries Bulletin, 57, 293345.
Taylor, G.E., D.W. Johnson, and C.P. Andersen,
1994: Air pollution and forest ecosystems: a regional to global perspective.
Ecological Applications, 4, 662689.
Teskey, R.O., 1997: Combined effects of elevated
CO2 and air temperature
on carbon assimilation of Pinus taeda trees. Plant, Cell and Environment,
20, 373380.
Tester, P., 1991: Red Tide: effects on health
and economics. Health and Environ Digest, 5, 45.
Thurow, T.L., W.H. Blackburn, and C.A. Taylor,
Jr., 1986: Hydrologic characteristics of vegetation types as affected by livestock
grazing systems, Edwards Plateau, Texas. Journal of Range Management,
39, 505509.
Tidal Waters Division, Maryland Department
of Natural Resources, 197893. Annual report. Department of Natural Resources,
Annapolis, MD, USA.
Titus, J.G., 1986: Greenhouse effect, sea level
rise, and coastal zone management. Coastal Management, 14(3),
147171.
Titus, J.G., 1988: Greenhouse effect, sea
level rise, and coastal wetlands. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC, USA, 152 pp.
Titus, J.G., 1990: Greenhouse effect, sea level
rise, and barrier islands. Coastal Management, 18(1), 6590.
Titus, J.G., 1991: Greenhouse effect and coastal
wetland policy: How Americans could abandon an area the size of Massachusetts
at minimum cost. Environmental Management, 15, 3958.
Titus, J.G., 1992: The costs of climate change
to the United States. In: Global climate change: implications, challenges
and mitigation measures [Majumdar, S.K., L.S. Kalkstein, B. Yarnal, E.W.
Miller, and L.M. Rosenfeld (eds.)]. Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Philadelphia,
PA, USA, pp. 385409.
Titus, J.G., 1997: Rising seas, coastal erosion,
and the takings clause: how to save wetlands and beaches without hurting property
owners. Maryland Law Review (in press).
Titus, J.G., C.Y. Kuo, M.J. Gibbs, T.B. LaRoche,
M.K. Webb, and J.O. Waddell, 1987: Greenhouse effect, sea level rise, and coastal
drainage systems. J. of Water Resources Planning and Management, 113,
2.
Titus, J.G., R.A. Park, S. Leatherman, R. Weggel,
M.S. Greene, M. Treehan, S. Brown, C. Gaunt, and G. Yohe, 1991: Greenhouse effect
and sea level rise: The cost of holding back the sea. Coastal Management,
19, 171204.
Titus, J.G. and V. Narayanan, 1996: The risk
of sea level rise: A delphic Monte Carlo analysis in which twenty researchers
specify subjective probability distributions for model coefficients within their
respective areas of expertise. Climatic Change, 33(2), 151212.
Toll, J. et al., 1997: Chesapeake Bay at the
crossroads: final report of a conference held at Chestertown, Maryland, October
1819, 1996. Climate Institute, Washington, DC, USA, 15 pp.
Townsend, A.R., B.H. Braswell, E.A. Holland,
and J.E. Penner, 1996: Spatial and temporal patterns in terrestrial carbon storage
due to deposition of fossil fuel nitrogen. Ecological Applications, 6,
806814.
Trent, D.W., J.A. Grant, L. Rosen, and T.P.
Monath, 1983: Genetic variations among dengue 2 viruses of different geographic
origin. Virology, 128, 271284.
UNEP, 1997: Global environment outlook.
Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 264 pp.
Urban, D.L. and H.H. Shugart, 1989: Forest
response to climatic change: a simulation study for southeastern forests. In:
The potential effects of global climate change on the United States: Appendix
D -- Forests [Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.)]. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA,
176 pp.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1996: Annual
survey of manufacturers, 1994. Economics and Statistics Administration,
Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, USA.
U.S. EPA, 1995: Ecological impacts from
climate change: an economic analysis of freshwater recreational fishing.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
U.S. EPA, 1996: National air quality and
emissions trends report, 1995. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, USA.
U.S. EPA and Environment Canada, 1995: The
Great Lakes: an environmental atlas and resource book. Government of Canada,
Toronto. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program
Office, Chicago, IL, USA, 3rd ed., 46 pp.
Vallentyne, J.F., 1971: Range development
and improvements. Brigham Young University Press, Provo, UT, USA, 516 pp.
Van Der Vinne, G., T.D. Prowse, and G. Andres,
1991: Economic aspects of river ice jams in Canada. In: Northern hydrology:
selected perspectives [Prowse, T.D. and C.S.L. Ommanney (eds.)]. NHRI Symposium,
National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
pp. 333352.
Van Kooten, G.C. and L.M. Arthur, 1989: Assessing
economic benefits of climate change on Canada's boreal forest. Canadian Journal
of Forest Research, 1, 463470.
VEMAP Members, 1995: Vegetation/ecosystem modeling
and analysis project: comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a
continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change
and CO2 doubling.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 407437.
Vitousek, P.M., 1994: Beyond global warming:
ecology and global change. Ecology, 75, 18611876.
Vose, J., B.D. Clinton, and W.T. Swank, 1993:
Fire, drought, and forest management influences on pine/hardwood ecosystems
in the southern Appalachians. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference
on Fire and Forest Meteorology, Society of American Foresters, 2628 October,
1993, Jekyll Island, GA, USA, pp. 232238.
Wackter, D.J. and P.V. Bayly, 1988: The effectiveness
of emission controls on reducing ozone levels in Connecticut from 1976 through
1987. In: The scientific and technical issues facing post-1987 ozone control
strategies [G.T. Wolff, J.L. Hanisch, and K. Schere (eds.)]. Air and Waste
Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, pp. 398415.
Wakim, P.G., 1989: Temperature-adjusted ozone
trends for Houston, New York and Washington, 19811987. In: Paper 89-35.1,
Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the Air and Waste Management
Association, Anaheim, CA, USA, June 2530, 1989.
Wakim, P.G., 1990: 1981 to 1988 ozone trends
adjusted to meteorological conditions for 13 metropolitan areas. In: Paper
90-97.9, Presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the Air and
Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, June 2429, 1990.
Walker, J.C., T.R. Miller, G.T. Kingsley, and
W.A. Hyman, 1989: Impact of global climate change on urban infrastructure. In:
The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States: Appendix
H -- Infrastructure [Smith, J.B. and D.A. Tirpak (eds.)]. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 176 pp.
Wall, G., 1988: Implications of climate
change for tourism and recreation in Ontario. CCD 88-05, Environment Canada,
Downsview, Ontario, 16 pp.
Waring, R.H. and W.H. Schlesinger, 1985: Forest
ecosystems: concepts and management. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA,
345 pp.
Welch, D.W., A.I. Chigirinsky, and Y. Ishida,
1995: Upper thermal limits on the oceanic distribution of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus)
in the spring. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 52, 489503.
Weller, M.W., 1981: Freshwater Marshes.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, 146 pp.
Weltz, M.A., and M.K. Wood, 1986: Short duration
grazing in Central
New Mexico: effect on sediment production. J. Soil
and Water Conserv., 41, 262266.
Westoby, M., B. Walker, and I. Noy-Meir, 1989:
Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilbrium. Journal of Range
Management, 42, 266274.
WHO (World Health Organization), 1996: Climate
Change and Human Health [McMichael, A.J., A. Haines, R. Slooff, and S. Kovats
(eds.)]. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 297 pp.
Wilcoxen, P.J., 1986: Coastal erosion and sea
level rise: Implications for ocean beach and San Francisco's Westside Transport
Project. Coastal Zone Management Journal, 14, 3.
Williams, D.W. and A.M. Liebhold, 1995: Herbivorous
insects and global change: potential changes in the spatial distribution of
forest defoliator outbreaks. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 665671.
Williams, M.A.J., and R.C. Balling, Jr., 1996:
Interactions of desertification and climate. World Meteorological Organization,
United Nations Environment Programme, Wiley, New York, NY, USA, 270 pp.
Winner, W.E., 1994: Mechanistic analysis of
plant responses to air pollution. Ecological Applications, 4,
651661.
Wolff, K. and P. T. Lioy, 1978: An empirical
model for forecasting maximum daily ozone levels in the northeastern U.S. Journal
of the Air Pollution Control Association. 28, 10341038.
Woodward, F.I., 1987: Climate and plant
distribution. Cambridge University Press, London, United Kingdom, 174 pp.
Wotton, B.M. and M.D. Flannigan, 1993: Length
of fire season in a changing climate. The Forestry Chronicle, 69,
187192.
WRI, 1996: World Resources 19961997.
Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 365 pp.
Wright, D.G., R.M. Hendry, J.W. Loder, and
F.W. Dobson, 1986: Oceanic changes associated with global increases in atmospheric
carbon dioxide: a preliminary report for the Atlantic coast of Canada. Can.
Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1426, vii + 78 pp.
Wullschleger, S.D., W.M. Post, and A.W. King,
1995: On the potential for a CO2
fertilization effect in forest trees: an assessment of 58 controlled-exposure
studies and estimates of the biotic growth factor. In: Biotic feedbacks in
the global climate system [Woodwell, G.M. and F.T. Mackenzie (eds.)]. Oxford
University Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 85107.
Yan, N.A., W. Keller, N.M. Scully, D.R.S. Lean
and P.J. Dillon, 1996: Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to drought-induced
acidification. Nature, 381, 141143.
Yarnal, B., D.L. Johnson, B.J. Frakes, G.I.
Bowles, and P. Pascale, 1997: The Flood of '96 and its socioeconomic impacts
in the Susquehanna River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resource Association,
(in press).
Yohe, G., 1990: The cost of not holding back
the sea. Coastal Management, 18, 403432.
Yohe, G., J. Neumann, P. Marshall, and H. Ameden,
1996: The economic cost of greenhouse-induced sea-level rise for developed property
in the United States. Climatic Change, 32(4), 387410.
Zucker, J.R., 1996: Changing patterns of autochtonous
malaria transmission in the United States: a review of recent outbreaks, Emerging
Infectious Diseases, 2(1), 3743.
Other reports in this collection |