Although referred to as a continent, Europe constitues only the western fifth
of the Eurasian landmass, which is made up primarily of Asia (see Figure
5-1 and Box 5-1). The Ural Mountains, the Ural River,
and part of the Caspian Sea generally are recognized as forming the main boundary
between Europe and Asia. The second smallest of the seven continents, Europe
has an area of 10,525,000 km2, but it has the second largest population of all
the continents (about 685 million). The European mainland stretches from the
North Cape in Norway (71�N) to Gibraltar (36�N). The western and eastern extremes
are defined by the west coast of Iceland (24�W) and the Ural River in Russia
(50�E).
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Figure 5-1: The Europe region [compiled by the World Bank Environment Department Geographic Information System (GIS) Unit; see Annex E for a color rendition]. |
Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia |
Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Moldova, Republic of Monaco Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation San Marino Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland The Netherlands Ukraine United Kingdom Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of |
Europe is a highly fragmented landmass consisting of a number of large peninsulas
(e.g., Fennoscandia, Iberia, the Balkans, and Italy), as well as smaller ones
such as Jutland (Denmark) and Brittany (France). It also includes a large number
of islands-notably Iceland, Great Britain, and Ireland. Europe has coastlines
on the Arctic Ocean and the North and Baltic Seas in the north; on the Caspian
Sea to the southeast; on the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in the south;
and on the Atlantic Ocean to the west. A number of mountainous regions are located
in Europe. The Alpine arc stretches from the Mediterranean coast of France to
central Europe; the Alps include the highest summits of western Europe, with
about 90 peaks exceeding an altitude of 4,000 m. The Pyrenees form the border
of Spain and France; the Apennines are in Italy. Other mountain ranges include
the Scandinavian range in Norway and Sweden, the Tatras in Slovakia, the coastal
ranges of Slovenia and Croatia, and the Carpathians in Romania. Further east,
the Caucasus range stretches northward from the Black Sea and forms a natural
boundary between Europe and Asia. The highest point on the continent is located
in this mountain range (Mt. Elbrus, 5,642 m).
One major geological region of Europe consists of a belt of sedimentary materials that sweeps in an arc from southeast England and southWest France into Belgium and the Netherlands and on into Germany, Poland, and western Russia. These sedimentary rocks, covered in places by a layer of till, form the Great European Plain. Some of the best soils of Europe are found here-particularly along the southern margin, which is rich in loess.
South of the Great European Plain are the central European Uplands-including the Jura, the Vosges and the Black Forest mountains, the Massif Central, and the Meseta; here, mountains alternate with plateaus and valleys.
Most European streams flow outward from the core of the continent. The Alps are the location of the headwaters of major rivers such as the Rhone, the Rhine, the Danube, and the Po. The longest river in Europe, the Volga, flows southward into the Caspian Sea, whereas the Danube (Europe's second longest) flows eastward to the Black Sea. The radial drainage pattern lends itself to the interconnection of rivers by canals. Lakes occur in mountainous areas-such as in Switzerland (the Lakes of Geneva and Constance are western Europe's largest bodies of fresh water), Italy, and Austria-and in lowland regions such as in Finland, Poland, and Hungary (Lake Balaton being central Europe's largest lake). Europe's largest freshwater lake is Lake Ladoga in northWest Russia.
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