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Collection: Sea Ice, Snow and Permafrost in the Arctic Region

Sea Ice, Snow and Permafrost in the Arctic Region
In 2008 the United Nations Environment Program expressed extreme concern for the implications of climate change on the Arctic regions. A warming Arctic climate is projected to change sea temperature and melt ice sheets, destroying vital ecosystems which operate in these Arctic areas.

Melting Sea Ice and stranded Icebergs, North-West Greenland The annual average extent of Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of -4.5 percent per decade relative to the 1979 to 2000 average and -4.6 percent per decade relative to the 1981 to 2010 average.

By Peter Prokosch

Port of Murmansk, Russia Positioned at 69 ‐ 00.N; 33 ‐04.E, the port of Murmansk is the world's largest port located North of polar circle. It is situated on the Kola peninsula at the coast of Barents Sea. It is the most Northern nonfreezing po...

By Peter Prokosch

Port of Murmansk with Military Vessel and Oil Rigg, Russia Positioned at 69 ‐ 00.N; 33 ‐04.E, the port of Murmansk is the world's largest port located North of polar circle. It is situated on the Kola peninsula at the coast of Barents Sea. It is the most Northern nonfreezing po...

By Peter Prokosch

By Peter Prokosch

Nuclear Icebreaker "Arctica", Murmansk, Russia Positioned at 69 ‐ 00.N; 33 ‐04.E, the port of Murmansk is the world's largest port located North of polar circle. It is situated on the Kola peninsula at the coast of Barents Sea. It is the most Northern nonfreezing po...

By Peter Prokosch

Glacier mouth, Svalbard Glaciers cover around 59% of Svalbard, which is made up of four islands, Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Edgerøya and Barentsrøya. Many of the glaciers in this area are known to surge, meaning that for 100 years they can re...

By Peter Prokosch

Svalbard Coastline, Pilarberget at Icefjord Pilarberget west of Longyearbyen at the Icefjord from air. The different geological layers (Lower Tertiary) are eroded in regular patterns. The cliffs provide breeding sites for tenthousands of Brünnich's guilimots and o...

By Peter Prokosch

Svalbard Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus, grazing on icy ground, Longyearbyen Reindeer have a circumpolar distribution with several subspecies in different areas. The Svalbard reindeer is a small subspecies of Rangifer tarandus. The subspecies found in Svalbard is exclusive to this area. Reindeer ...

By Peter Prokosch

By Peter Prokosch

Stones within melting glacial ice In September 2007, an RSE (Religion, Science and Environment) synopsium called Amazon: Source of Life was held. It took participants through the Amazon focusing on the 42 billion trees in the area, threats on Brazil's wa...

By Peter Prokosch

Icebergs in Disco Bay, Greenland The Icebergs from the Ilulissat Icefjord - a UNESCO World Heritage Site - in Disco Bay/Greenland are the largest to be found in the Arctic. Latest research concludes that ice loss from both Greenland and Antarctica is ac...

By Peter Prokosch

Black layers in glacial ice Icebergs can appear white, blue, green, brown or black. The colourations are caused by impurities or difference in density. The dark layers seen here indicate the presence of rock materials from the base of the glacier. ...

By Lawrence Hislop

Icebergs in the sea Irregularly shaped icebergs are common around Greenland and Northern Canada and originate from the many Greenland fjords. Icebergs around this area are often very broken up due to tidal action and the fact that most of t...

By Lawrence Hislop

Moss on the ground in Setesdal, Norway in Autumn The diet of the Lemming consists of moss, grass, small insects and plants and they are found in abundance in Arctic tundra zones and meadows, where a layer of permafrost creates a unique ecological environment. The brown...

By Peter Prokosch

Autumn in Setesdal, Norway Arctic tundra and open meadows are ideal habitats for Lemmings, whose diet consists of grass, moss, small shrubs and insects. In the Winter, they dig into the soft snow to search for food on the ground. The Norwegian L...

By Peter Prokosch

Autumn colors of the Sedges, Setesdal, Norway Sedge is the common name for a family of mostly perennial grass or rush-like herbs found in abundance in the marshes of subarctic and temperate zones. There are around 5,500 different species and they have solid stems th...

By Peter Prokosch

Sea Ice North of Svalbard Sea ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. It forms in both the Arctic and the Antarctic in each hemisphere’s winter, and it retreats, but does not completely disappear, in the summer. It plays an impor...

By Peter Prokosch

Iceberg, Svalbard Svalbard is a small archipelago whose climate is influenced by two sources of surface ocean water: (a) The West Spitsbergen Current, moving warm water along the West Coast; (b) East Greenland Current, bringing cold water...

By Peter Prokosch

Rock formation at the base of the branch of the Lena Delta The Lena River Delta is one of the longest rivers in the World. It flows North from Lake Baikal in Russia and opens into the Laptev Sea. At the river mouth the river forms a 32,000 sq km delta - the largest in the World....

By Peter Prokosch

Remnants of a village and former Stalin camp, Siberia Permafrost is a layer of earth that remains frozen solid throughout the entire year. Recent observations show that permafrost temperatures have increased during the last 20-30 years in almost all areas of the Northern He...

By Peter Prokosch

Taimyr Coastline The Taimyr Autominous Area occupies 800,000 sq km, an area the size of England, France and the Netherlands combined. Only 3% of the subsurface here has been studied but there are believed to be healthy reserves of coal, ...

By Peter Prokosch

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