Estimates of the marginal costs of emissions reduction for Central America show that decarbonization options should be directed towards energy efficiency in the residential and services sectors, mainly arising from savings due to reduced energy consumption. Similarly, the mitigation strategy should be focused towards reducing deforestation and degradation, with additional benefits for biodiversity and water supply. Sectors like transportation and...

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Meat imports in 2005 & Meat consumption

Transport-related energy consumption Gigajoules per capita per year, Urban density Inhabitants per hectare

Energy consumption for heating and hot water Kilowatt hour per square metre per year CO2 emissions depending on the energy used for heating and hot water, for a 100 square metre dwelling Kilograms of carbon equivalent per year

Buildings (residential and commercial) account for 10 to 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions, including almost 70% carbon dioxide and 25% methane.

The agricultural sector is by far the biggest user of freshwater. Analysis indicates that: - In the United States, agriculture accounts for some 49% of total freshwater use, with 80% of this volume being used for irrigation (Shiklomanov, 1999). - In Africa and Asia, an estimated 85-90% of all freshwater used is for agriculture (Shiklomanov, 1999). - According to estimates for the year 2000, agriculture accounted for 67% of the world’s total fr...

Rising block tariffs aim to achieve several public policy goals. A low or zero tariff applied to the first block can enhance affordability. For example, Durban, South Africa, provides 25 litres of water a day free of charge - a lifeline to many - with a steep increase above this level. Higher tiers aim at enabling utilities to increase efficiency, by creating disincentives for overuse, and at mobilizing revenues to cover costs. Block tariffs thus...

Freshwater use by continents is partly based on several socio-economic development factors, including population, physiographic, and climatic characteristics. Analysis indicates that: - Annual global freshwater withdrawal has grown from 3,790 km3 (of which consumption accounted for 2,070 km3 or 61%) in 1995, to 4,430 km3 (of which consumption accounted for 2,304 km3 or 52%) in 2000 (Shiklomanov, 1999). - In 2000, about 57% of the world’s freshw...

World fish consumption per year and per capita.

Because much of the world’s surface water is far from concentrations of human settlements, not all of it is readily usable. Some facts concerning global freshwater concentrations: - It is estimated that the freshwater available for human consumption varies between 12,500 km3 and 14,000 km3 each year (Hinrichsen et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 2001). - Many countries in Africa, the Middle East, western Asia, and some eastern European countries ha...

Consumption of proteins from fish in % of total consumption of animal protein.

The greyband represents in the difference between the amount of water extracted and that actually consumed. Water may be extracted, used, recycled (or returned to rivers or aquifers) and reused several times over. Consumption is final use of water, after which it can no longer be reused. That extractions have increase at a much faster rate is an indication of how much more intensively we can now exploit water. Only a fraction of water extracted i...

Graphic captioning the time at which Waste water will become suitable levels of consumption.

Defined in the Montreal Protocol phase-outs

Countries receive funds according to their compliance needs. That is, they receive funds to phase-out specific amounts of ODS production and consumption. Hence,ODS producer countries and high consumers receive more funds since they have greater needs. However all developing countries who are Parties to the Montreal Protocol have received assistance. Naturally, larger countries with higher population will also have a greater need for ODS, and ther...