Variability in the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index 1982-2004, and temperature variation for those years - plus or minus 3 degrees maximum in those years of the ENSO events in the Pacific Ocean and affected region.

Mortality due to entanglement and collisions with ships has been reported within the Southern Hemisphere. To varying degrees these threats are all present in both the Oceania region and the Southern Ocean. The International Whaling Commission’s Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary and temporary moratorium against commercial whaling offers limited protection to Humpback Whales from commercial whaling, but scientific whaling remains a threat. There is...