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Use constraints
Using this graphic and referring to it is encouraged, and please use it in presentations, web pages, newspapers, blogs and reports. For any form of publication, please include the link to this page and give the cartographer/designer credit (in this case Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal)
Source(s)
Shumsky, P.A. (1964). Principles of structural glaciology. Translated from the Russian by D. Kraus. Dover Publications Inc., New York
Haeberli, W. and Burn, C.R. (2002). Natural hazards in forests: Glacier and permafrost effects as related to climate change. In Environmental Change and Geomorphic Hazards in Forests. IUFRO Research Series (ed. R.C. Sidle). CABI Publishing, Wallingford/New York
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Uploaded on Tuesday 21 Feb 2012
by GRID-Arendal
Schematic diagram of glacier, permafrost and forest limits as a function of mean annual air temperature and average annual precipitation
Year:
2007
Author:
Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal
Description:
Glaciers and ice caps form around the world where snow deposited during the cold/humid season does not entirely melt during warm/dry times. This seasonal snow gradually becomes denser and transforms into perennial firn (rounded, well-bonded snow that is older than one year) and finally, after the air passages connecting the grains are closed off, into ice. The ice from such accumulation areas then flows under the influence of its own weight and the local slopes down to lower altitudes, where it melts again (ablation areas). Accumulation and ablation areas are separated by an equilibrium line, where the balance between gain and loss in the ice mass is exactly zero. Where glaciers form thus depends not only on air temperature and precipitation, but also on the terrain, which determines how much solar radiation the glacier will receive and where ice and snow will accumulate.
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