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Use constraints
Using this graphic and referring to it is encouraged, and please use it in presentations, web pages, newspapers, blogs and reports. For any form of publication, please include the link to this page and give the cartographer/designer credit (in this case Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal)
Source(s)
Sources (corresponding to numbers on rectangles): 1 and 2 Krabill and others 2000 and 2004; 3 Thomas and others 2006; 4 Zwally and others 2005; 5 to 7 Rignot and Kanagaratnam 2006; 8 and 9 Velicogna and Wahr 2005 and 2006; 11 Chen and others 2006; 10 Ramillien and others 2006; 12 Luthke and others 2006
Krabill, W., Abdalati, W., Frederick, E., Manizade, S., Martin, C., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., Thomas, R., Wright, W. and Yungel, J. (2000). Greenland Ice Sheet: High-Elevation Balance and Peripheral Thinning. Science, 289, 428-430
Krabill, W., Hanna, E., Huybrechts, P., Abdalati, W., Cappelen, J., Csatho, B., Frederick, E., Manizade, S., Martin, C., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., Thomas, R. and Yungel, J. (2004). Greenland Ice Sheet: increased coastal thinning. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L24402
Thomas, R., Frederick, E., Krabill, W., Manizade, S. and Martin, C. (2006). Progressive increase in ice loss from Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L10503
Zwally, H.J., Giovinetto, M.B., Li, J., Cornejo, H.G., Beckley, M.A., Brenner, A.C., Saba, J.L. and Yi, D. (2005). Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002. Journal of Glaciology, 51(175), 509-527
Rignot, E. and Kanagaratnam, P. (2006). Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland ice sheet. Science, 311(5763), 986-990
Velicogna, I. and Wahr, J. (2005). Greenland mass balance from GRACE. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L18505
Velicogna, I. and Wahr, J. (2006A.) Acceleration of Greenland ice mass loss in spring, 2004. Nature, 443, 329-331
Chen, J., Wilson, C. and Tapley, B. (2006A). Satellite gravity measurements confirm accelerated melting of Greenland Ice Sheet. Science, 313, 1958
Ramillien, G., Lombard, A., Cazenave, A., Ivins, E., Remy, F. and Biancale, R. (2006). Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE. Global and Planetary Change, 53, 198-208
Luthke, S., Zwally, H., Abdalati, W., Rowlands, D.D., Ray, R.D., Nerem, R.S., Lemoine, F.G., McCarthy, J.J. and Chinn, D. S. (2006). Recent Greenland mass loss by drainage system from satellite gravity observations. Science, 314(5803), 1286-1289
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Uploaded on Tuesday 21 Feb 2012
by GRID-Arendal
Greenland, showing rates of surface-elevation change between the late 1990s and 2003
Year:
2007
Author:
Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal
Description:
Mass-balance estimates for Greenland show thickening at high elevations since the early 1990s at rates that increased to about 4 cm per year after 2000, consistent with expectations of increasing snowfall in a warming climate. However, this mass gain is far exceeded by losses associated with large increases in thinning of the ice sheet near the coast. Total loss from the ice sheet more than doubled, from a few tens of billions of tonnes per year in the early 1990s, to about 100 billion tonnes per year after 2000, with perhaps a further doubling by 2005. These rapidly increasing losses result partly from more melting during warmer summers, and partly from increased discharge of ice from outlet glaciers into the ocean. In particular, the speeds of three of Greenland’s fastest glaciers approximately doubled since 2000, although two of them have partially slowed since. The analysis has been derived by comparing satellite and aircraft laser-altimeter surveys. The graph shows rates at which the ice-sheet mass was estimated to be changing based on satellite radar-altimeter surveys (black), airborne laser-altimeter surveys (green), airborne/satellite laser-altimeter surveys (purple), mass-budget calculations (red), temporal changes in gravity (blue). Rectangles depict the time periods of observations (horizontal) and the upper and lower estimates of mass balance (vertical). Jakobshavn, Helheim, and Kangerdlugssuaq are fast glaciers that doubled in speed recently.
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