Global overview

Resources

The total volume of water on Earth is about 1 400 million km³ of which only 2.5 per cent, or about 35 million km³, is freshwater (see table below). Most freshwater occurs in the form of permanent ice or snow, locked up in Antarctica and Greenland, or in deep groundwater aquifers. The principal sources of water for human use are lakes, rivers, soil moisture and relatively shallow groundwater basins. The usable portion of these sources is only about 200 000 km³ of water - less than 1 per cent of all freshwater and only 0.01 per cent of all water on Earth. Much of this available water is located far from human populations, further complicating issues of water use.

The replenishment of freshwater depends on evaporation from the surface of the oceans. About 505 000 km³, or a layer 1.4 metres thick, evaporates from the oceans annually. Another 72 000 km³ evaporates from the land. About 80 per cent of all precipitation, or about 458 000 km³/year, falls on the oceans and the remaining 119 000 km³/year on land. The difference between precipitation on land surfaces and evaporation from those surfaces (119 000 km³ minus 72 000 km³ annually) is run-off and groundwater recharge - approximately 47 000 km³ annually (Gleick 1993). The figure opposite shows one estimate of the average annual water balance of major continental areas, including precipitation, evaporation and run-off. More than one-half of all run-off occurs in Asia and South America, and a large fraction occurs in a single river, the Amazon, which carries more than 6 000 km³ of water a year (Shiklomanov 1999).

Major stocks of water
	volume (1 000 km3)	% of total water	% of total freshwater
Salt water
Oceans	1 338 000	96.54
Saline/brackish groundwater	12 870	0.93
Salt water lakes	85	0.006
Inland waters
Glaciers, permanent snow cover	24 064	1.74	68.7
Fresh groundwater	10 530	0.76	30.06
Ground ice, permafrost	300	0.022	0.86
Freshwater lakes	91	0.007	0.26
Soil moisture	16.5	0.001	0.05
Atmospheric water vapour	12.9	0.001	0.04
Marshes, wetlands*	11.5	0.001	0.03
Rivers	2.12	0.0002	0.006
Incorporated in biota*	1.12	0.0001	0.003
Total water	1 386 000	100
Total freshwater	35 029		100
Source: Shiklomanov 1993 Notes: totals may not add exactly due to rounding * Marshes, wetlands and water incorporated in biota are often mixed salt and freshwater