8.1. Regional Characterization
8.2. Regional Climate Information
8.2.1. Current Climate
8.2.2. Climate Trends
8.2.3. Climate Scenarios
8.3.1. Ecosystems: Nonforest Terrestrial
8.3.1.1. Distribution and Sensitivities
8.3.1.2. Impacts, Vulnerabilities, and Adaptation8.3.2.1. Distribution and Sensitivities
8.3.2.2. Key Impacts on Forested Ecosystems of North America8.3.3. Hydrology and Water Resources
8.3.3.1. Hydrological Trends and Variability
8.3.3.2. Impacts, Adaptations, and Vulnerabilities8.3.4. Food and Fiber: Agriculture
8.3.4.1. Description of the Resource
8.3.4.2. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
8.3.4.3. Climate Variability and Extreme Events
8.3.4.4. Direct and Indirect Effects
8.3.4.5. Yield and Production Changes by North American Subregion
8.3.4.6. Adaptation
8.3.4.7. Vulnerabilities8.3.5. Food and Fiber: Production Forestry
8.3.6. Food and Fiber: Fisheries and Aquatic Systems8.3.6.1. Freshwater Ecosystem Impacts, Adaptations, and Vulnerabilities
8.3.6.2. Oceans
8.3.6.3. Impacts, Adaptations, and Vulnerabilities of Ocean Fisheries Resources8.3.7.1. Physical Effects and Their Implications
8.3.7.2. Adapting to Sea-Level Rise8.3.7.2.1. Erecting walls to hold back the sea
8.3.7.2.2. Elevating land surfaces and beaches
8.3.7.2.3. Protecting natural shorelines by allowing shores to retreat
8.3.7.2.4. National assessments of adaptive responses8.3.8. Human Settlements and Industry
8.3.8.1. Impacts on Transportation
8.3.8.2. Recreation and Tourism
8.3.8.3. Extreme Weather Events
8.3.8.4. Energy Supply Systems
8.3.8.5. Energy Demand8.3.9.1. Thermal Extremes
8.3.9.2. Air Quality and Ground-Level Ozone
8.3.9.3. Extreme Weather Events
8.3.9.4. Biological Agents: Vector- and Waterborne Diseases8.3.9.4.1. Vector-borne diseases
8.3.9.4.2. Waterborne diseases
8.4.1. Limitations of Climate Scenarios for Regional Analyses
8.4.2. Regional Texture of Impacts
8.4.3. The Role of Adaptation
8.4.4. Water as a Common Resource Across Sectors and Subregions
8.4.5. Systemic Nature of the Problem
8.4.6. Integrated Nature of the Problem
Edited by: DAVID S. SHRINER (USA) AND ROGER B. STREET (CANADA)
Lead Authors: R. Ball (USA), D. D'Amours (Canada), K. Duncan (Canada), D. Kaiser (USA), A. Maarouf (Canada), L. Mortsch (Canada), P. Mulholland (USA), R. Neilson (USA), J.A. Patz (USA), J.D. Scheraga (USA), J.G. Titus (USA), H. Vaughan (Canada), M. Weltz (USA)
Contributors: R. Adams (USA), R. Alig (USA), J. Andrey (Canada),
M. Apps (Canada), M. Brklacich (Canada), D. Brooks (USA), A.W. Diamond (Canada),
A. Grambsch (USA), D. Goodrich (USA), L. Joyce (USA), M.R. Kidwell (Canada),
G. Koshida (Canada), J. Legg (Canada), J. Malcolm (Canada), D.L. Martell (Canada),
R.J. Norby (USA), H.W. Polley (USA), W.M. Post (USA), M.J. Sale (USA), M. Scott
(USA), B. Sohngen (USA), B. Stocks (Canada), W. Van Winkle (USA), S. Wullschleger
(USA)
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